An Outstanding Role of Adipose Tissue in Canine Stem Cell Therapy

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Throughout history, the role of adipose tissue has changed for humans, and regarding canines: the role has changed from connective tissue to restoration of physiological functions. The adipose tissue cells have extraordinary mechanisms of healing tissue function, and the most outstanding component of adipose tissue discovered are mesenchymal stem cells. It has been almost fifteen years since their discovery in canine adipose tissue. Since then, numerous studies have investigated the possibilities of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in treating various canine diseases. This review summarised the progress of confirming the therapeutic role of adipose tissue components, focusing on stem cells as the most researched and with the highest potential in enabling a better quality of life for canines. ABSTRACT: Adipose tissue, previously known as connective tissue with a role in energy storage, is currently changing the course of treatments in veterinary medicine. Recent studies have revealed one particularly impressive function among all the newly discovered functions of adipose tissue. The interactive cells hosted by adipose tissue, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and their role in treating numerous diseases have provided a prospective course of research with positive outcomes in regenerative veterinary medicine (RVM). This review describes the main features of adipose tissue, emphasizing an eclectic combination of cells within the SVF and its thus far researched therapeutic possibilities in canine RVM. An afterwards focus is on a highly researched component of the SVF, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs), which were shown to have an extraordinary impact relying on several proposed mechanisms of action on mitigating pathologies in canines. Furthermore, ASC therapy showed the most significant results in the orthopaedics field and in neurology, dermatology, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, and hepatology, which elevates the possibilities of ASC therapy to a whole new level. Therefore, this review article aims to raise awareness of the importance of research on cellular components, within abundant and easily accessible adipose tissue, in the direction of regenerative therapy in canines, considering the positive outcomes so far. Although the focus is on the positive aspects of cellular therapy in canines, the researchers should not forget the importance of identifying the potential negative aspects within published and upcoming research. Safe and standardized treatment represents a fundamental prerequisite for positively impacting the lives of canine patients.