Hydrothermal and Entropy Investigation of Nanofluid Natural Convection in a Lid-Driven Cavity Concentric with an Elliptical Cavity with a Wavy Boundary Heated from Below

This work investigates mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity. This cavity is filled with nanofluid and subjected to a magnetic field. The concentric ovoid cavity orientation [Formula: see text] 0–90°, and undulation number (N), 1–4, are considered. The Richardson number (Ri) varies between 1 and 100. The nanofluid volume fraction ([Formula: see text]) ranges between 0 and 0.08%. The effect of the parameters on flow, thermal transport, and entropy generation is illustrated by the stream function, isotherms, and isentropic contours. Heat transfer is augmented and the Nusselt number rises with higher Ri, [Formula: see text] , N, and [Formula: see text]. The simulations show that the heat transfer is responsible for entropy generation, while frictional and magnetic effects are marginal.