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Hydrophobic Effect of Soil Stabilization for a Sustainable Subgrade Soil Improvement
The chemical process of using additives to stabilize soils is to improve soil that lacks strong engineering properties. In particular, the moisture susceptibility of subgrade soil through seasonal rains is still questionable. The presence of water in the construction is the cause of deterioration an...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9101457/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35591422 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093087 |
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author | Ezreig, Ali Muftah Abdussalam Mohamad Ismail, Mohd Ashraf Ehwailat, Khaled Ibrahim Azarroug |
author_facet | Ezreig, Ali Muftah Abdussalam Mohamad Ismail, Mohd Ashraf Ehwailat, Khaled Ibrahim Azarroug |
author_sort | Ezreig, Ali Muftah Abdussalam |
collection | PubMed |
description | The chemical process of using additives to stabilize soils is to improve soil that lacks strong engineering properties. In particular, the moisture susceptibility of subgrade soil through seasonal rains is still questionable. The presence of water in the construction is the cause of deterioration and premature distress of pavements and their supporting geotechnical structures. In this work, the chemical use of hydrophobic caltite (HC) in various amounts (ranging from 3%, 5%, to 7%) and 5% of cement to enhance laterite soils is investigated. The investigation includes the evaluation of soil properties, such as, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) by curing in air and under water, flexural strength (FS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) soaked and unsoaked. The addition of caltite with cement increases the strength characteristics with the UCS values of 2078–2853 kPa during the early curing stages (7th day), and 4688–4876 kPa after 90 days of curing. The added caltite in the cement soil samples shows a reduction index of strength loss underwater with the UCS values of 3196, 3334, and 3751 kPa for caltite cemented soil when compared with cement soil alone. FS results suggest that the inclusion of caltite in cement means that post-peak behavior can be enhanced, reducing the brittleness and increasing the ductility. The successful reaction with soil additives occurred in the curing period of 7 days. In terms of the microstructural analysis, results show that HC with cement reduces the porosity, voids, and cracking of laterite soils. Furthermore, new polymer globules, products from the reaction, appeared on the clay particle surfaces, thereby reducing the water absorption. The addition of hydrophobic-caltite to the soil–cement mixture results in increased strength and reduced water absorption in a soil–cement mix, thus achieving a given strength value. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9101457 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91014572022-05-14 Hydrophobic Effect of Soil Stabilization for a Sustainable Subgrade Soil Improvement Ezreig, Ali Muftah Abdussalam Mohamad Ismail, Mohd Ashraf Ehwailat, Khaled Ibrahim Azarroug Materials (Basel) Article The chemical process of using additives to stabilize soils is to improve soil that lacks strong engineering properties. In particular, the moisture susceptibility of subgrade soil through seasonal rains is still questionable. The presence of water in the construction is the cause of deterioration and premature distress of pavements and their supporting geotechnical structures. In this work, the chemical use of hydrophobic caltite (HC) in various amounts (ranging from 3%, 5%, to 7%) and 5% of cement to enhance laterite soils is investigated. The investigation includes the evaluation of soil properties, such as, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) by curing in air and under water, flexural strength (FS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) soaked and unsoaked. The addition of caltite with cement increases the strength characteristics with the UCS values of 2078–2853 kPa during the early curing stages (7th day), and 4688–4876 kPa after 90 days of curing. The added caltite in the cement soil samples shows a reduction index of strength loss underwater with the UCS values of 3196, 3334, and 3751 kPa for caltite cemented soil when compared with cement soil alone. FS results suggest that the inclusion of caltite in cement means that post-peak behavior can be enhanced, reducing the brittleness and increasing the ductility. The successful reaction with soil additives occurred in the curing period of 7 days. In terms of the microstructural analysis, results show that HC with cement reduces the porosity, voids, and cracking of laterite soils. Furthermore, new polymer globules, products from the reaction, appeared on the clay particle surfaces, thereby reducing the water absorption. The addition of hydrophobic-caltite to the soil–cement mixture results in increased strength and reduced water absorption in a soil–cement mix, thus achieving a given strength value. MDPI 2022-04-24 /pmc/articles/PMC9101457/ /pubmed/35591422 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093087 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Ezreig, Ali Muftah Abdussalam Mohamad Ismail, Mohd Ashraf Ehwailat, Khaled Ibrahim Azarroug Hydrophobic Effect of Soil Stabilization for a Sustainable Subgrade Soil Improvement |
title | Hydrophobic Effect of Soil Stabilization for a Sustainable Subgrade Soil Improvement |
title_full | Hydrophobic Effect of Soil Stabilization for a Sustainable Subgrade Soil Improvement |
title_fullStr | Hydrophobic Effect of Soil Stabilization for a Sustainable Subgrade Soil Improvement |
title_full_unstemmed | Hydrophobic Effect of Soil Stabilization for a Sustainable Subgrade Soil Improvement |
title_short | Hydrophobic Effect of Soil Stabilization for a Sustainable Subgrade Soil Improvement |
title_sort | hydrophobic effect of soil stabilization for a sustainable subgrade soil improvement |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9101457/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35591422 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093087 |
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