An atypical bilateral trifurcation of recurrent laryngeal nerve

BACKGROUND: Thyroidectomy is a frequently performed surgery for benign and malignant conditions. Nevertheless, one of the most critical complications of thyroidectomy is recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury leading to vocal cord paralysis. A thorough knowledge of the anatomical variations of RLN and ligation of the related vessels close to their distal branches is critical to avoid injury. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we report the first case of bilateral trifurcation of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in a 40-year old woman with multinodular goitre. Total thyroidectomy was performed and RLN was preserved bilaterally. Followed by a precise dissection, fine branches were traced penetrating the larynx. We did not observe any further post-operative complications and patient was discharged with desired outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical variations of the RLN include—bifurcations, trifurcations, relation of RLN with inferior thyroid artery (ITA) and presence of non-recurrent laryngeal nerve. Only RLN dividing at a distance greater than 5 mm (branching point distance) before its entry into the larynx beneath the cricothyroid are said to bifurcate or trifurcate. Approximately 25% of nerves show branching [71%—unilateral and 18%—bilateral bifurcation]. Incidence of unilateral trifurcations have been noted be 0.9% and the rates of bilateral trifurcation and the divisions of the branches is yet to be ascertained. This is the first report of a bilateral trifurcation of RLN, detected in patient with multinodular goitre and hence warrants a precise analysis of variations of the RLN in patients undergoing thyroidectomy, which is critical to prevent RLN injury.