Free Space Ground to Satellite Optical Communications Using Kramers–Kronig Transceiver in the Presence of Atmospheric Turbulence

Coherent detection provides the optimum performance for free space optical (FSO) communication systems. However, such detection systems are expensive and require digital phase noise compensation. In this paper, the transmission performance of long-haul FSO system for ground-to-satellite communication based on a Kramers–Kronig (KK) transceiver is evaluated. KK transceivers utilize inexpensive direct detection receivers and the signal phase is retrieved from the received current using the well-known KK relations. KK transceivers are not sensitive to the laser phase noise and, hence, inexpensive lasers with large linewidths can be used at the transmitter. The transmission performance of coherent and KK transceivers is compared in various scenarios such as satellite-to-ground, satellite-to-satellite, and ground-to-satellite for weak, moderate, and strong turbulence. The results show that the transmission performance of a system based on the KK transceiver is comparable to that based on a coherent transceiver, but at a significantly lower system cost and complexity. It is shown that in the absence of turbulence, the coherent receiver has a ~3 dB performance advantage over the KK receiver. However, in the presence of strong turbulence, this performance advantage becomes negligible.