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Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study

T-2 toxin is produced by different Fusarium species, and it can infect crops such as wheat, barley, and corn. It is known that the T-2 toxin induces various forms of toxicity such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In addition, T-2 toxin possesses a strong dermal i...

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Autores principales: Janik-Karpinska, Edyta, Ceremuga, Michal, Wieckowska, Magdalena, Szyposzynska, Monika, Niemcewicz, Marcin, Synowiec, Ewelina, Sliwinski, Tomasz, Bijak, Michal
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9105691/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35563320
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094929
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author Janik-Karpinska, Edyta
Ceremuga, Michal
Wieckowska, Magdalena
Szyposzynska, Monika
Niemcewicz, Marcin
Synowiec, Ewelina
Sliwinski, Tomasz
Bijak, Michal
author_facet Janik-Karpinska, Edyta
Ceremuga, Michal
Wieckowska, Magdalena
Szyposzynska, Monika
Niemcewicz, Marcin
Synowiec, Ewelina
Sliwinski, Tomasz
Bijak, Michal
author_sort Janik-Karpinska, Edyta
collection PubMed
description T-2 toxin is produced by different Fusarium species, and it can infect crops such as wheat, barley, and corn. It is known that the T-2 toxin induces various forms of toxicity such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In addition, T-2 toxin possesses a strong dermal irritation effect and can be absorbed even through intact skin. As a dermal irritant agent, it is estimated to be 400 times more toxic than sulfur mustard. Toxic effects can include redness, blistering, and necrosis, but the molecular mechanism of these effects still remains unknown. This in vitro study focused on the direct toxicity of T-2 toxin on human skin—fibroblast Hs68 cell line. As a result, the level of toxicity of T-2 toxin and its cytotoxic mechanism of action was determined. In cytotoxicity assays, the dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of T-2 on a cell line was observed. Bioluminometry results showed that relative levels of ATP in treated cells were decreased. Further analysis of the toxin’s impact on the induction of apoptosis and necrosis processes showed the significant predominance of PI-stained cells, lack of caspase 3/7 activity, and increased concentration of released Human Cytokeratin 18 in treated cells, which indicates the necrosis process. In conclusion, the results of an in vitro human skin fibroblast model revealed for the first time that the T-2 toxin induces necrosis as a toxicity effect. These results provide new insight into the toxic T-2 mechanism on the skin.
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spelling pubmed-91056912022-05-14 Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study Janik-Karpinska, Edyta Ceremuga, Michal Wieckowska, Magdalena Szyposzynska, Monika Niemcewicz, Marcin Synowiec, Ewelina Sliwinski, Tomasz Bijak, Michal Int J Mol Sci Article T-2 toxin is produced by different Fusarium species, and it can infect crops such as wheat, barley, and corn. It is known that the T-2 toxin induces various forms of toxicity such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In addition, T-2 toxin possesses a strong dermal irritation effect and can be absorbed even through intact skin. As a dermal irritant agent, it is estimated to be 400 times more toxic than sulfur mustard. Toxic effects can include redness, blistering, and necrosis, but the molecular mechanism of these effects still remains unknown. This in vitro study focused on the direct toxicity of T-2 toxin on human skin—fibroblast Hs68 cell line. As a result, the level of toxicity of T-2 toxin and its cytotoxic mechanism of action was determined. In cytotoxicity assays, the dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of T-2 on a cell line was observed. Bioluminometry results showed that relative levels of ATP in treated cells were decreased. Further analysis of the toxin’s impact on the induction of apoptosis and necrosis processes showed the significant predominance of PI-stained cells, lack of caspase 3/7 activity, and increased concentration of released Human Cytokeratin 18 in treated cells, which indicates the necrosis process. In conclusion, the results of an in vitro human skin fibroblast model revealed for the first time that the T-2 toxin induces necrosis as a toxicity effect. These results provide new insight into the toxic T-2 mechanism on the skin. MDPI 2022-04-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9105691/ /pubmed/35563320 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094929 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Janik-Karpinska, Edyta
Ceremuga, Michal
Wieckowska, Magdalena
Szyposzynska, Monika
Niemcewicz, Marcin
Synowiec, Ewelina
Sliwinski, Tomasz
Bijak, Michal
Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study
title Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study
title_full Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study
title_fullStr Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study
title_full_unstemmed Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study
title_short Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study
title_sort direct t-2 toxicity on human skin—fibroblast hs68 cell line—in vitro study
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9105691/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35563320
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094929
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