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Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study
T-2 toxin is produced by different Fusarium species, and it can infect crops such as wheat, barley, and corn. It is known that the T-2 toxin induces various forms of toxicity such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In addition, T-2 toxin possesses a strong dermal i...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9105691/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35563320 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094929 |
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author | Janik-Karpinska, Edyta Ceremuga, Michal Wieckowska, Magdalena Szyposzynska, Monika Niemcewicz, Marcin Synowiec, Ewelina Sliwinski, Tomasz Bijak, Michal |
author_facet | Janik-Karpinska, Edyta Ceremuga, Michal Wieckowska, Magdalena Szyposzynska, Monika Niemcewicz, Marcin Synowiec, Ewelina Sliwinski, Tomasz Bijak, Michal |
author_sort | Janik-Karpinska, Edyta |
collection | PubMed |
description | T-2 toxin is produced by different Fusarium species, and it can infect crops such as wheat, barley, and corn. It is known that the T-2 toxin induces various forms of toxicity such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In addition, T-2 toxin possesses a strong dermal irritation effect and can be absorbed even through intact skin. As a dermal irritant agent, it is estimated to be 400 times more toxic than sulfur mustard. Toxic effects can include redness, blistering, and necrosis, but the molecular mechanism of these effects still remains unknown. This in vitro study focused on the direct toxicity of T-2 toxin on human skin—fibroblast Hs68 cell line. As a result, the level of toxicity of T-2 toxin and its cytotoxic mechanism of action was determined. In cytotoxicity assays, the dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of T-2 on a cell line was observed. Bioluminometry results showed that relative levels of ATP in treated cells were decreased. Further analysis of the toxin’s impact on the induction of apoptosis and necrosis processes showed the significant predominance of PI-stained cells, lack of caspase 3/7 activity, and increased concentration of released Human Cytokeratin 18 in treated cells, which indicates the necrosis process. In conclusion, the results of an in vitro human skin fibroblast model revealed for the first time that the T-2 toxin induces necrosis as a toxicity effect. These results provide new insight into the toxic T-2 mechanism on the skin. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9105691 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91056912022-05-14 Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study Janik-Karpinska, Edyta Ceremuga, Michal Wieckowska, Magdalena Szyposzynska, Monika Niemcewicz, Marcin Synowiec, Ewelina Sliwinski, Tomasz Bijak, Michal Int J Mol Sci Article T-2 toxin is produced by different Fusarium species, and it can infect crops such as wheat, barley, and corn. It is known that the T-2 toxin induces various forms of toxicity such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In addition, T-2 toxin possesses a strong dermal irritation effect and can be absorbed even through intact skin. As a dermal irritant agent, it is estimated to be 400 times more toxic than sulfur mustard. Toxic effects can include redness, blistering, and necrosis, but the molecular mechanism of these effects still remains unknown. This in vitro study focused on the direct toxicity of T-2 toxin on human skin—fibroblast Hs68 cell line. As a result, the level of toxicity of T-2 toxin and its cytotoxic mechanism of action was determined. In cytotoxicity assays, the dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of T-2 on a cell line was observed. Bioluminometry results showed that relative levels of ATP in treated cells were decreased. Further analysis of the toxin’s impact on the induction of apoptosis and necrosis processes showed the significant predominance of PI-stained cells, lack of caspase 3/7 activity, and increased concentration of released Human Cytokeratin 18 in treated cells, which indicates the necrosis process. In conclusion, the results of an in vitro human skin fibroblast model revealed for the first time that the T-2 toxin induces necrosis as a toxicity effect. These results provide new insight into the toxic T-2 mechanism on the skin. MDPI 2022-04-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9105691/ /pubmed/35563320 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094929 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Janik-Karpinska, Edyta Ceremuga, Michal Wieckowska, Magdalena Szyposzynska, Monika Niemcewicz, Marcin Synowiec, Ewelina Sliwinski, Tomasz Bijak, Michal Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study |
title | Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study |
title_full | Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study |
title_fullStr | Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study |
title_short | Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin—Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line—In Vitro Study |
title_sort | direct t-2 toxicity on human skin—fibroblast hs68 cell line—in vitro study |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9105691/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35563320 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094929 |
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