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On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent

Resole resins have many applications, especially for foam production. However, the use of phenol, a key ingredient in resoles, has serious environmental and economic disadvantages. In this work, lignin extracted from pine wood using a “green” solvent, levulinic acid, was used to partially replace th...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Melro, Elodie, Antunes, Filipe E., Valente, Artur J. M., Duarte, Hugo, Romano, Anabela, Medronho, Bruno
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9105709/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35566176
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092825
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author Melro, Elodie
Antunes, Filipe E.
Valente, Artur J. M.
Duarte, Hugo
Romano, Anabela
Medronho, Bruno
author_facet Melro, Elodie
Antunes, Filipe E.
Valente, Artur J. M.
Duarte, Hugo
Romano, Anabela
Medronho, Bruno
author_sort Melro, Elodie
collection PubMed
description Resole resins have many applications, especially for foam production. However, the use of phenol, a key ingredient in resoles, has serious environmental and economic disadvantages. In this work, lignin extracted from pine wood using a “green” solvent, levulinic acid, was used to partially replace the non-sustainable phenol. The physicochemical properties of this novel resin were compared with resins composed of different types of commercial lignins. All resins were optimized to keep their free formaldehyde content below 1 wt%, by carefully adjusting the pH of the mixture. Substitution of phenol with lignin generally increases the viscosity of the resins, which is further increased with the lignin mass fraction. The addition of lignin decreases the kinetics of gelification of the resin. The type and amount of lignin also affect the thermal stability of the resins. It was possible to obtain resins with higher thermal stability than the standard phenol-formaldehyde resins without lignin. This work provides new insights regarding the development of lignin-based resoles as a very promising sustainable alternative to petrol-based resins.
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spelling pubmed-91057092022-05-14 On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent Melro, Elodie Antunes, Filipe E. Valente, Artur J. M. Duarte, Hugo Romano, Anabela Medronho, Bruno Molecules Article Resole resins have many applications, especially for foam production. However, the use of phenol, a key ingredient in resoles, has serious environmental and economic disadvantages. In this work, lignin extracted from pine wood using a “green” solvent, levulinic acid, was used to partially replace the non-sustainable phenol. The physicochemical properties of this novel resin were compared with resins composed of different types of commercial lignins. All resins were optimized to keep their free formaldehyde content below 1 wt%, by carefully adjusting the pH of the mixture. Substitution of phenol with lignin generally increases the viscosity of the resins, which is further increased with the lignin mass fraction. The addition of lignin decreases the kinetics of gelification of the resin. The type and amount of lignin also affect the thermal stability of the resins. It was possible to obtain resins with higher thermal stability than the standard phenol-formaldehyde resins without lignin. This work provides new insights regarding the development of lignin-based resoles as a very promising sustainable alternative to petrol-based resins. MDPI 2022-04-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9105709/ /pubmed/35566176 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092825 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Melro, Elodie
Antunes, Filipe E.
Valente, Artur J. M.
Duarte, Hugo
Romano, Anabela
Medronho, Bruno
On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent
title On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent
title_full On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent
title_fullStr On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent
title_full_unstemmed On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent
title_short On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent
title_sort on the development of phenol-formaldehyde resins using a new type of lignin extracted from pine wood with a levulinic-acid based solvent
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9105709/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35566176
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092825
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