Reactivity of Vanadium Nanoparticles with Oxygen and Tungsten

A mechanistic study was carried out on the optimal methods of fabrication of products containing higher loads of thermochromic VO(2)(M1) fabricated by thermal treatments of V nanoparticles in air, that, once achieved, are more stable than other commercial products upon natural aging or reiterated reheating. At the best temperatures for single runs, 55% of VO(2) can be attained by the reactions of a limited number of the species initially formed in a process, that, if not stopped, can degrade the product by solid state reactions of oxidations and reductions without O(2) consumption. This fact supports the use of two-step treatments at lower temperatures and faster cooling rates that reach 65% of VO(2); such reactions should, ideally, take place in the 550–625 °C temperature range. The impregnation of V with a tungstate salt is an ideal and simple doping platform that can decrease the energy of activation of the 2-cycle process, allowing higher yields and enthalpies of transformation (71% of VO(2), 26 J/g) than undoped counterparts or trademarks. A good balance is reached for 1% at. of W, with a reduction in T(c) of 20 °C not significantly resenting the enthalpy of the reversible metal-to-insulator transition. For higher W amounts, the appearance of tetragonal VO(2), and W alloyed V(3)O(7) and V(2)O(5), decrease the fractions of increasingly and effectively doped M1-VO(2) achieved till 2% of W, a concentration for which T(c) attains the stimulating values of 35 °C on heating and 25 °C on cooling.