Epidemiological Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic During the First and Second Waves in Chhattisgarh, Central India: A Comparative Analysis

Background There is a scarcity of reports of comparative analysis between the first and second waves of the pandemic from any part of India. This article aims to comprehensively investigate the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the course of the pandemic in the state of Chhattisgarh, central India. Methodology A comparative epidemiological analysis of the first and second waves of COVID-19 across Chhattisgarh was conducted on the vital parameters of total tests performed, cases diagnosed, age and gender distribution, case fatality ratio (CFR), and mitigation strategy reported by the state and central government health agencies using the data from Indian Council of Medical Research and National Informatics Centre portals. Results The second wave was shorter than the first wave but the absolute number of cases increased by 2.4 times and deaths by 2.7 times. There was a significant increase in cases per million, deaths per million, and test positivity rate. The hospitalization rate and test per case ratio dropped in the second wave from 33 to 20 and from 12.6 to 7.2, respectively. Both infection and deaths were higher among males in both the waves (p < 0.001). CFR increased from 1.2% in the first wave to 1.4% in the second wave (p < 0.001; odds ratio = 1.14 (1.1-1.19)). Increased mortality was seen in all ages except the young (≤20 years) and the old (>60 years). Conclusions The significantly high number of cases and deaths during the second wave provides evidence to undertake preparedness measures for mitigating any future waves. Regular surveillance, monitoring, and analysis of epidemiological data are pertinent for continued situational awareness.