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Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, degenerative disease of the macula, leading to severe visual loss in the elderly population. There are two types of AMD: non-exudative (‘dry’) AMD and exudative (‘wet’) AMD. Non-exudative AMD is characterized by drusen formation and macular at...

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Autores principales: Wu, Andres, Lu, Renhao, Lee, Esak
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9109377/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35578246
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13036-022-00291-y
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author Wu, Andres
Lu, Renhao
Lee, Esak
author_facet Wu, Andres
Lu, Renhao
Lee, Esak
author_sort Wu, Andres
collection PubMed
description Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, degenerative disease of the macula, leading to severe visual loss in the elderly population. There are two types of AMD: non-exudative (‘dry’) AMD and exudative (‘wet’) AMD. Non-exudative AMD is characterized by drusen formation and macular atrophy, while the blood vessels are not leaky. Exudative AMD is a more advanced form of the disease, featured with abnormal blood vessel growth and vascular leakage. Even though anti-angiogenic therapies have been effective in treating wet AMD by normalizing blood vessels, there is no treatment available to prevent or treat dry AMD. Currently, the mechanisms of drusen formation and macular atrophy in the dry AMD are poorly understood, in part because the currently available in vivo models of AMD could not decouple and isolate the complex biological and biophysical factors in the macular region for a detailed mechanism study, including the complement system, angiogenesis factors, extracellular matrix, etc. In the present review article, we describe the biological background of AMD and the key cells and structures in AMD, including retinal epithelium, photoreceptor, Bruch’s membrane, and choriocapillaris. We also discuss pre-clinical animal models of AMD and in vivo tissue-engineered approaches, including cell suspension injection and organoid-derived cell sheet transplantation. We also discuss in vitro tissue-engineered models for AMD research. Specifically, we evaluate and compare currently available two- and three-dimensional AMD tissue-engineered models that mimic key anatomical players in AMD progression, including pathophysiological characteristics in Bruch’s membrane, photoreceptor, and choriocapillaris. Finally, we discuss the limitation of current AMD models and future directions.
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spelling pubmed-91093772022-05-17 Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review Wu, Andres Lu, Renhao Lee, Esak J Biol Eng Review Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, degenerative disease of the macula, leading to severe visual loss in the elderly population. There are two types of AMD: non-exudative (‘dry’) AMD and exudative (‘wet’) AMD. Non-exudative AMD is characterized by drusen formation and macular atrophy, while the blood vessels are not leaky. Exudative AMD is a more advanced form of the disease, featured with abnormal blood vessel growth and vascular leakage. Even though anti-angiogenic therapies have been effective in treating wet AMD by normalizing blood vessels, there is no treatment available to prevent or treat dry AMD. Currently, the mechanisms of drusen formation and macular atrophy in the dry AMD are poorly understood, in part because the currently available in vivo models of AMD could not decouple and isolate the complex biological and biophysical factors in the macular region for a detailed mechanism study, including the complement system, angiogenesis factors, extracellular matrix, etc. In the present review article, we describe the biological background of AMD and the key cells and structures in AMD, including retinal epithelium, photoreceptor, Bruch’s membrane, and choriocapillaris. We also discuss pre-clinical animal models of AMD and in vivo tissue-engineered approaches, including cell suspension injection and organoid-derived cell sheet transplantation. We also discuss in vitro tissue-engineered models for AMD research. Specifically, we evaluate and compare currently available two- and three-dimensional AMD tissue-engineered models that mimic key anatomical players in AMD progression, including pathophysiological characteristics in Bruch’s membrane, photoreceptor, and choriocapillaris. Finally, we discuss the limitation of current AMD models and future directions. BioMed Central 2022-05-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9109377/ /pubmed/35578246 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13036-022-00291-y Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Review
Wu, Andres
Lu, Renhao
Lee, Esak
Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review
title Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review
title_full Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review
title_fullStr Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review
title_full_unstemmed Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review
title_short Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review
title_sort tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9109377/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35578246
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13036-022-00291-y
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