Talaromyces marneffei infection associated with bronchiolitis obliterans in an HIV-negative child: a case report

BACKGROUND: Talaromyces marneffei is an opportunistic pathogen that infects immunodeficient and immunocompromised patients. We presented a pediatric patient with a diagnosis of T. marneffei infection who was followed up in the Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre. CASE PRESENTATION: The child was a 5-year-old girl with persistent cough and gasping over 2 months who was confirmed with T. marneffei infection by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture and high-throughput sequencing technology. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was negative according to a serum-specific antibody test. She was treated with amphotericin B and itraconazole as antifungal agents, with good clinical response. At follow-up, high-resolution computed tomography showed a mosaic sign in the whole lung field with a diagnosis of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) as the sequela. She has a mutated COPA gene with uncertain pathogenic potential on whole-exome sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should consider PIBO as a possible sequela in an HIV-negative paediatric patient with T. marneffei infection.