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Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women
BACKGROUND: Menstrual attitudes include negative and positive perceptions of menstruation and are associated with reproductive health, underscoring the importance of its evaluation in women. Given that social and cultural factors affect menstrual attitudes, developing evaluation methods specific to...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9112546/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35578253 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01426-6 |
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author | Kawata, Rina Endo, Masayuki Rai, Shiba Kumar Ohashi, Kazutomo |
author_facet | Kawata, Rina Endo, Masayuki Rai, Shiba Kumar Ohashi, Kazutomo |
author_sort | Kawata, Rina |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Menstrual attitudes include negative and positive perceptions of menstruation and are associated with reproductive health, underscoring the importance of its evaluation in women. Given that social and cultural factors affect menstrual attitudes, developing evaluation methods specific to distinct societal cultures is necessary. METHODS: We developed a scale based on the menstrual attitude questionnaire, which is the most widely used measure of menstrual attitudes, to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women in consideration of Nepalese cultural backgrounds and literacy. In total, 352 Nepalese women aged 20–45 years living in urban or suburban areas in Nepal were enrolled in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups using the permuted block method. Using the prototype, Group 1 (n = 176) was evaluated with an exploratory factor analysis to develop a reliable scale, and Group 2 (n = 176) was evaluated with a confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the structure of negative menstrual attitudes. Further, we preliminarily examined the relationship of negative menstrual attitudes with the frequency of traditional menstrual practices and intensity of menstrual pain, which are significant reproductive health issues in Nepal, in Group 2. RESULTS: We developed a 15-item, 3-factor scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women using exploratory factor analysis. The first, second, and third factors were “Natural event” (α = 0.82), “Debilitating event” (α = 0.76), and “Bothersome event” (α = 0.69), respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that negative menstrual attitudes comprised a 3-factor structure. Participants who performed three traditional menstrual practices (“stay in their own house”, “go to public spaces”, and “contact with others generally”) demonstrated significantly higher scores for negative menstrual attitudes than did non-performers. Negative menstrual attitudes were positively correlated with the intensity of menstrual pain (r = 0.558). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to evaluate menstrual attitudes and analyse its factor structure among Nepalese women. In the future, the relationship between accurately evaluated negative menstrual attitudes and reproductive health issues should be examined more comprehensively. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9112546 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91125462022-05-18 Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women Kawata, Rina Endo, Masayuki Rai, Shiba Kumar Ohashi, Kazutomo Reprod Health Research BACKGROUND: Menstrual attitudes include negative and positive perceptions of menstruation and are associated with reproductive health, underscoring the importance of its evaluation in women. Given that social and cultural factors affect menstrual attitudes, developing evaluation methods specific to distinct societal cultures is necessary. METHODS: We developed a scale based on the menstrual attitude questionnaire, which is the most widely used measure of menstrual attitudes, to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women in consideration of Nepalese cultural backgrounds and literacy. In total, 352 Nepalese women aged 20–45 years living in urban or suburban areas in Nepal were enrolled in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups using the permuted block method. Using the prototype, Group 1 (n = 176) was evaluated with an exploratory factor analysis to develop a reliable scale, and Group 2 (n = 176) was evaluated with a confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the structure of negative menstrual attitudes. Further, we preliminarily examined the relationship of negative menstrual attitudes with the frequency of traditional menstrual practices and intensity of menstrual pain, which are significant reproductive health issues in Nepal, in Group 2. RESULTS: We developed a 15-item, 3-factor scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women using exploratory factor analysis. The first, second, and third factors were “Natural event” (α = 0.82), “Debilitating event” (α = 0.76), and “Bothersome event” (α = 0.69), respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that negative menstrual attitudes comprised a 3-factor structure. Participants who performed three traditional menstrual practices (“stay in their own house”, “go to public spaces”, and “contact with others generally”) demonstrated significantly higher scores for negative menstrual attitudes than did non-performers. Negative menstrual attitudes were positively correlated with the intensity of menstrual pain (r = 0.558). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to evaluate menstrual attitudes and analyse its factor structure among Nepalese women. In the future, the relationship between accurately evaluated negative menstrual attitudes and reproductive health issues should be examined more comprehensively. BioMed Central 2022-05-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9112546/ /pubmed/35578253 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01426-6 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Kawata, Rina Endo, Masayuki Rai, Shiba Kumar Ohashi, Kazutomo Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women |
title | Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women |
title_full | Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women |
title_fullStr | Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women |
title_full_unstemmed | Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women |
title_short | Development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among Nepalese women |
title_sort | development of a scale to evaluate negative menstrual attitudes among nepalese women |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9112546/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35578253 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01426-6 |
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