Macrophage SCAP Contributes to Metaflammation and Lean NAFLD by Activating STING–NF-κB Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) is a cholesterol sensor that confers a broad range of functional effects in metabolic diseases. Lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by a decrease in subcutaneous fat and ectopic fat deposition in the liver. SCAP may mediate the development of lean NAFLD, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. METHODS: C57BL/6J wild-type and macrophage SCAP-specific knockout mice (SCAP(ΔMϕ)) were subjected to Paigen diet (PD) feeding induced lean NAFLD. Inflammation and lipid metabolism of adipose and liver were evaluated. The STING–NF-κB signaling pathway was examined in vivo and in vitro to explore the underlying mechanism of macrophage SCAP on metaflammation. RESULTS: The data showed heterogeneity of lipid metabolic processes in liver and epididymal white adipose tissue due to inflammation mediated by macrophage infiltration. Meanwhile, we found that the macrophage SCAP was abnormally increased in the adipose and liver tissues of PD-fed mice. Intriguingly, the SCAP(ΔMϕ) mice attenuated PD-induced metaflammation and ectopic lipid deposition by reducing hepatic stimulator of interferon gene (STING)–nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation. In-depth molecular analysis revealed that SCAP specifically recruits the STING and tank-binding kinase 1 onto the Golgi to activate the NF-κB in macrophages, thereby promoting the release of inflammatory factors. This process ultimately led to an increased lipolysis in adipocytes and lipid uptake and synthesis in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that SCAP acts as a novel regulator of the macrophage inflammatory response and the pathogenesis of lean NAFLD by activating the STING–NF-κB signaling pathway. Inhibition of macrophage SCAP may represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of lean NAFLD.