Simultaneous Occurrence of Nephrolithiasis, Fanconi Syndrome, and Nephro-osteopathy in a Patient on First-line Antiretroviral Therapy – A Case Report

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is part of the first-line antiretroviral therapy and can lead to Fanconi syndrome, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and reduced bone mineral density. We report the first case of simultaneous occurrence of nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, Fanconi syndrome, and bone fracture in a 54-year-old lady who presented with pain and inability to bear weight on the right lower limb following a trivial fall. She was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency infection in the year 2000 and was on tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz for the past 6 years. On evaluation, she had azotemia, glycosuria, proteinuria, normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, multiple renal stones, and a proximal ureteric calculus causing right-sided hydroureteronephrosis. The patient developed sepsis following the double “J” stenting procedure. She was managed with intravenous bicarbonate therapy and the substitution of tenofovir to abacavir with a favorable outcome.