Risk factors of cervical cancer and role of primary healthcare providers regarding PAP smears counseling: Case control study

OBJECTIVES: To determine risk factors of cervical cancer and role of healthcare providers regarding awareness and counseling of PAP-smear. METHODS: It was case-control study conducted from Jan-2021 till may-2021 at two tertiary care hospitals of Karachi South. The intended sample size was 255 subjects as 105 cases and 150 controls. The inclusion criteria were diagnosed cases of CA Cervix and under the age of 50 years. Controls were recruited from the general population. All the data were entered into SPSS version 23. The odds ratio was calculated to compare the risks of occurring CA cervix among cases and controls. The relationship of risk factors was assessed by binary logistic regression. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Generally, highly significant p-value (<0.000) was observed; depicted a positive association for a level of education, age at first intercourse, and number of parity in cases of CA cervix and controls (OR=4.3). The correct predicted rate was 68.8% for having CA cervix among controls due to family history, the knowledge of PAP smear screening, ever counseled for a PAP smear, ever tested for a PAP smear, never been tested for PAP smear due to cost. CONCLUSION: Educational level, age at first intercourse, number of parity was the risk factors of CA cervix. Family history of CA Cervix, knowledge of cervical cancer screening, ever counseled for PAP smear, ever tested for PAP smear, never been tested for PAP smear due to cost were significantly predicted for CA cervix among controls.