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Spatial differentiation and determinants of COVID-19 in Indonesia
BACKGROUND: The spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increasingly agonized daily lives worldwide. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has various physical and social environments, which implies that each region has a different response to the pandemic. This study aims to analyze t...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125018/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35606710 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13316-4 |
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author | Widiawaty, Millary Agung Lam, Kuok Choy Dede, Moh Asnawi, Nur Hakimah |
author_facet | Widiawaty, Millary Agung Lam, Kuok Choy Dede, Moh Asnawi, Nur Hakimah |
author_sort | Widiawaty, Millary Agung |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: The spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increasingly agonized daily lives worldwide. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has various physical and social environments, which implies that each region has a different response to the pandemic. This study aims to analyze the spatial differentiation of COVID-19 in Indonesia and its interactions with socioenvironmental factors. METHODS: The socioenvironmental factors include seven variables, namely, the internet development index, literacy index, average temperature, urban index, poverty rate, population density (PD) and commuter worker (CW) rate. The multiple linear regression (MLR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models are used to analyze the impact of the socioenvironmental factors on COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 data is obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Health until November 30th 2020. RESULTS: Results show that the COVID-19 cases in Indonesia are concentrated in Java, which is a densely populated area with high urbanization and industrialization. The other provinces with numerous confirmed COVID-19 cases include South Sulawesi, Bali, and North Sumatra. This study shows that the socioenvironmental factors, simultaneously, influence the increasing of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the 34 provinces of Indonesia. Spatial interactions between the variables in the GWR model are relatively better than those between the variables in the MLR model. The highest spatial tendency is observed outside Java, such as in East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, and Bali. CONCLUSION: Priority for mitigation and outbreak management should be high in areas with high PD, urbanized spaces, and CW. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9125018 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91250182022-05-23 Spatial differentiation and determinants of COVID-19 in Indonesia Widiawaty, Millary Agung Lam, Kuok Choy Dede, Moh Asnawi, Nur Hakimah BMC Public Health Research BACKGROUND: The spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increasingly agonized daily lives worldwide. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has various physical and social environments, which implies that each region has a different response to the pandemic. This study aims to analyze the spatial differentiation of COVID-19 in Indonesia and its interactions with socioenvironmental factors. METHODS: The socioenvironmental factors include seven variables, namely, the internet development index, literacy index, average temperature, urban index, poverty rate, population density (PD) and commuter worker (CW) rate. The multiple linear regression (MLR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models are used to analyze the impact of the socioenvironmental factors on COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 data is obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Health until November 30th 2020. RESULTS: Results show that the COVID-19 cases in Indonesia are concentrated in Java, which is a densely populated area with high urbanization and industrialization. The other provinces with numerous confirmed COVID-19 cases include South Sulawesi, Bali, and North Sumatra. This study shows that the socioenvironmental factors, simultaneously, influence the increasing of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the 34 provinces of Indonesia. Spatial interactions between the variables in the GWR model are relatively better than those between the variables in the MLR model. The highest spatial tendency is observed outside Java, such as in East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, and Bali. CONCLUSION: Priority for mitigation and outbreak management should be high in areas with high PD, urbanized spaces, and CW. BioMed Central 2022-05-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9125018/ /pubmed/35606710 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13316-4 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Widiawaty, Millary Agung Lam, Kuok Choy Dede, Moh Asnawi, Nur Hakimah Spatial differentiation and determinants of COVID-19 in Indonesia |
title | Spatial differentiation and determinants of COVID-19 in Indonesia |
title_full | Spatial differentiation and determinants of COVID-19 in Indonesia |
title_fullStr | Spatial differentiation and determinants of COVID-19 in Indonesia |
title_full_unstemmed | Spatial differentiation and determinants of COVID-19 in Indonesia |
title_short | Spatial differentiation and determinants of COVID-19 in Indonesia |
title_sort | spatial differentiation and determinants of covid-19 in indonesia |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125018/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35606710 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13316-4 |
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