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Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection

Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection (“early” or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery (“late” or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both....

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Autores principales: Löscher, Wolfgang, Howe, Charles L.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125338/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35615063
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.870868
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author Löscher, Wolfgang
Howe, Charles L.
author_facet Löscher, Wolfgang
Howe, Charles L.
author_sort Löscher, Wolfgang
collection PubMed
description Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection (“early” or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery (“late” or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both. The development of acute and delayed seizures may have shared as well as unique pathogenic mechanisms and prognostic implications. Based on an extensive review of the literature, we present an overview of viruses that are associated with early and late seizures in humans. We then describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, including routes of neuroinvasion, viral control and clearance, systemic inflammation, alterations of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-induced molecular reorganization of synapses and neural circuits. We provide clinical and animal model findings to highlight commonalities and differences in these processes across various neurotropic or neuropathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses, SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses. In addition, we extensively review the literature regarding Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). This picornavirus, although not pathogenic for humans, is possibly the best-characterized model for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage during viral infection. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms derived from the TMEV model may lead to novel therapeutic interventions that interfere with ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, even within non-infectious contexts.
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spelling pubmed-91253382022-05-24 Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection Löscher, Wolfgang Howe, Charles L. Front Mol Neurosci Neuroscience Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection (“early” or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery (“late” or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both. The development of acute and delayed seizures may have shared as well as unique pathogenic mechanisms and prognostic implications. Based on an extensive review of the literature, we present an overview of viruses that are associated with early and late seizures in humans. We then describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, including routes of neuroinvasion, viral control and clearance, systemic inflammation, alterations of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-induced molecular reorganization of synapses and neural circuits. We provide clinical and animal model findings to highlight commonalities and differences in these processes across various neurotropic or neuropathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses, SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses. In addition, we extensively review the literature regarding Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). This picornavirus, although not pathogenic for humans, is possibly the best-characterized model for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage during viral infection. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms derived from the TMEV model may lead to novel therapeutic interventions that interfere with ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, even within non-infectious contexts. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-05-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9125338/ /pubmed/35615063 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.870868 Text en Copyright © 2022 Löscher and Howe. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Löscher, Wolfgang
Howe, Charles L.
Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection
title Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection
title_full Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection
title_fullStr Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection
title_full_unstemmed Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection
title_short Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection
title_sort molecular mechanisms in the genesis of seizures and epilepsy associated with viral infection
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125338/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35615063
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.870868
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