The Extent of Endorsement of Distal to Proximal Dysfunctional Cognitions in Individuals with Alcohol Dependence: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in the Indian Context

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctional basic cognitions have been suggested as potential vulnerability markers for alcohol dependence (AD). Although there is a growing body of research on the role of distal cognitive vulnerability factors such as early maladaptive schema in the development of AD, little is known about the role of proximal cognitive factors such as cognitive distortions, dysfunctional attitude, and negative automatic thoughts. METHODS: This comparative cross-sectional study aimed to examine dysfunctional cognitions in individuals with AD (n = 84) in comparison with healthy individuals (n = 60). The dysfunctional cognitions were assessed on the Young Schema Questionnaire third version of Short Form, Cognitive Distortion Scale, Dysfunctional Attitude Scale-Form A, and Automatic Thought Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted to analyze the group differences in dysfunctional cognitions. RESULTS: After controlling for the group difference in employment status, 12 of 18 schemas were more prevalent in individuals with AD than in healthy individuals. Individuals with AD also scored higher on seven of 10 cognitive distortions, as well as in terms of dysfunctional attitude and negative automatic thoughts. CONCLUSION: Dysfunctional cognition may play a significant role in developing AD. The findings may enhance our understanding of the nature and severity of dysfunctional cognitions in the development of AD. The information may further assist the clinicians in implementing adequate intervention strategies to manage dysfunctional cognitions in individuals with AD.