Oral pharmacological treatments for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

BACKGROUND: Pharmacological treatments for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) are empirically used. However, the quantitative comparative effectiveness and safety of multiple pharmacological treatments is lacking. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 22, 2022. Randomised controlled trials comparing two or more oral pharmacological treatments for patients with CP/CPPS were included. Title, abstract, and full-text screening were independently screened by four reviewers. Primary outcomes were efficacy (the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index [NIH—CPSI] total score, pain score, urinary score, and quality of life score [QoL]) and safety (adverse events). This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020184106. FINDINGS: 25 studies (3514 patients) assessed 26 treatments. Low to very low quality evidence indicated that doxazosin (Mean difference [MD], –11.4, 95% Credible interval [CrI], –17.5 to –5.1) and the doxazosin, ibuprofen, and thiocolchicoside combination (MD, –11.6, CrI, –18.1 to –5.3) were significantly more effective than placebo in the NIH—CPSI total score. Other NIH—CPSI relative outcomes (pain, urinary, and QoL scores) showed a similar pattern. Low and very low quality evidence suggested that combination treatment including doxazosin, ibuprofen, and thiocolchicoside (odds ratios [OR], 3.2, CrI, 0.5 to 19.3) and the tamsulosin and dapoxetine combination (OR, 6.0, CrI, 0.7 to 67.3) caused more adverse events. In half of all comparisons regarding NIH—CPSI pain scores and quality of life scores, heterogeneity was minimal or low. Heterogeneity was high in both NIH—CPSI total symptom scores (I(2) = 78.0%) and pain scores (I(2) = 87. 0%) for tamsulosin versus placebo. There was also high heterogeneity in NIH—CPSI urine scores for the combination of tamsulosin and ciprofloxacin versus tamsulosin (I(2) = 66.8%), tamsulosin and levofloxacin versus tamsulosin (I(2) = 93.3%), and tamsulosin versus placebo (I(2) = 83%). INTERPRETATION: Pharmacological treatments have little evidence supporting efficacy in CP/CPPS. Future studies could personalise therapy for individuals according to specific symptoms and identify non-pharmacological targets for CP/CPPS. FUNDING: Dr Jiani Wu received funding for this project from the China Association for Science and Technology (2017QNRC001), the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (ZZ13-YQ-027), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82105037).