Transfer of microRNA-22-3p by M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles facilitates the development of ankylosing spondylitis through the PER2-mediated Wnt/β-catenin axis

Pathological osteogenesis and inflammation possess critical significance in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The current study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms regarding extracellular vesicle (EV)-packaged microRNA-22-3p (miR-22-3p) from M2 macrophages in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in AS. EVs were initially isolated from M2 macrophages, which had been treated with either restored or depleted miR-22-3p. AS-BMSCs were subsequently treated with M2 macrophage-derived EVs to detect osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs using gain- or loss-of-function experiments. The binding affinity among miR-22-3p, period circadian protein 2 (PER2), and Wnt7b was identified. Finally, AS mouse models were established for testing the effects of M2-EV-miR-22-3p on the bone metastatic microenvironment in vivo. miR-22-3p from M2 macrophages could be transferred into BMSCs via EVs, which promoted the osteogenic differentiation of AS-BMSCs. miR-22-3p inhibited PER2, while PER2 blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via Wnt7b inhibition. M2-EV-shuttled miR-22-3p facilitated alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix mineralization via PER2-regulated Wnt/β-catenin axis, stimulating the BMSC osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that miR-22-3p in M2 macrophage-released EVs downregulates PER2 to facilitate the osteogenesis of MSCs via Wnt/β-catenin axis.