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A Descriptive Analysis of Macronutrient, Fatty Acid Profile, and Some Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Standard and Disease-Specific Enteral Formulae in Europe

Foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs) are commercially available formulations used as a source of nutrition when administered orally or by tube feeding. This study examines, for the first time, the nutritional composition of enteral formulae (EFs) according to European nutritional guidelines. W...

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Autores principales: Ruperto, Mar, Montero-Bravo, Ana, Partearroyo, Teresa, Puga, Ana M., Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Samaniego-Vaesken, Maria de Lourdes
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9129913/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35619966
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.877875
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author Ruperto, Mar
Montero-Bravo, Ana
Partearroyo, Teresa
Puga, Ana M.
Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio
Samaniego-Vaesken, Maria de Lourdes
author_facet Ruperto, Mar
Montero-Bravo, Ana
Partearroyo, Teresa
Puga, Ana M.
Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio
Samaniego-Vaesken, Maria de Lourdes
author_sort Ruperto, Mar
collection PubMed
description Foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs) are commercially available formulations used as a source of nutrition when administered orally or by tube feeding. This study examines, for the first time, the nutritional composition of enteral formulae (EFs) according to European nutritional guidelines. We developed a descriptive study on 118 EFs from 2020 to 2021. Formulae were classified as standard (SFs) and disease-specific (DSF). According to the protein-energy content, SFs were classified into G1, normoprotein-normocaloric; G2, normoprotein-hypercaloric; G3, hyperproteic-normocaloric; and G4, hyperproteic-hypercaloric. Disease-related formulae for metabolic stress, renal, cancer, pulmonary, diabetes, malabsorption, and surgery were studied. Macronutrient distribution, fatty acid profile (monounsaturated [MUFA], polyunsaturated [PUFA], saturated [SFA]), derived fat quality indexes, and immuno-modulatory nutrients (omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], arginine and nucleotides) per 1,500 kcal infused were calculated. In total, 53% were SFs, mainly normoproteic (G1, G2) with higher carbohydrate contents in normocaloric vs. hypercaloric SFs. The most balanced fatty acid profiles (MUFA: 17.7%; PUFA: 6.8%; SFA: 9.5%) belonged to G1. The PUFA/MUFA ratio: ≥0.5 was in 85.7% with a higher proportion of EPA+DHA (46%) vs. omega-3 (15.8%) in SFs. In DSFs (46.9%), higher carbohydrate content (>50%) was in malabsorption and surgery, whereas high-fat content (>50%) was in pulmonary and renal formulae. DSFs had higher SFA vs. MUFA content, except for diabetes. EPA and DHA were added in 45.5% (cancer, malabsorption, and surgery). Only 12.7% of DSFs had arginine and nucleotides. A higher proportion of SFs was found, in line with current European guidelines. Results highlighted a wide intra-group variability of nutrients among the formula selected. These findings are useful to evaluate the nutritional composition of EFs from a preventive and/or therapeutic perspective in clinical settings.
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spelling pubmed-91299132022-05-25 A Descriptive Analysis of Macronutrient, Fatty Acid Profile, and Some Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Standard and Disease-Specific Enteral Formulae in Europe Ruperto, Mar Montero-Bravo, Ana Partearroyo, Teresa Puga, Ana M. Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio Samaniego-Vaesken, Maria de Lourdes Front Nutr Nutrition Foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs) are commercially available formulations used as a source of nutrition when administered orally or by tube feeding. This study examines, for the first time, the nutritional composition of enteral formulae (EFs) according to European nutritional guidelines. We developed a descriptive study on 118 EFs from 2020 to 2021. Formulae were classified as standard (SFs) and disease-specific (DSF). According to the protein-energy content, SFs were classified into G1, normoprotein-normocaloric; G2, normoprotein-hypercaloric; G3, hyperproteic-normocaloric; and G4, hyperproteic-hypercaloric. Disease-related formulae for metabolic stress, renal, cancer, pulmonary, diabetes, malabsorption, and surgery were studied. Macronutrient distribution, fatty acid profile (monounsaturated [MUFA], polyunsaturated [PUFA], saturated [SFA]), derived fat quality indexes, and immuno-modulatory nutrients (omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], arginine and nucleotides) per 1,500 kcal infused were calculated. In total, 53% were SFs, mainly normoproteic (G1, G2) with higher carbohydrate contents in normocaloric vs. hypercaloric SFs. The most balanced fatty acid profiles (MUFA: 17.7%; PUFA: 6.8%; SFA: 9.5%) belonged to G1. The PUFA/MUFA ratio: ≥0.5 was in 85.7% with a higher proportion of EPA+DHA (46%) vs. omega-3 (15.8%) in SFs. In DSFs (46.9%), higher carbohydrate content (>50%) was in malabsorption and surgery, whereas high-fat content (>50%) was in pulmonary and renal formulae. DSFs had higher SFA vs. MUFA content, except for diabetes. EPA and DHA were added in 45.5% (cancer, malabsorption, and surgery). Only 12.7% of DSFs had arginine and nucleotides. A higher proportion of SFs was found, in line with current European guidelines. Results highlighted a wide intra-group variability of nutrients among the formula selected. These findings are useful to evaluate the nutritional composition of EFs from a preventive and/or therapeutic perspective in clinical settings. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-05-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9129913/ /pubmed/35619966 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.877875 Text en Copyright © 2022 Ruperto, Montero-Bravo, Partearroyo, Puga, Varela-Moreiras and Samaniego-Vaesken. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Nutrition
Ruperto, Mar
Montero-Bravo, Ana
Partearroyo, Teresa
Puga, Ana M.
Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio
Samaniego-Vaesken, Maria de Lourdes
A Descriptive Analysis of Macronutrient, Fatty Acid Profile, and Some Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Standard and Disease-Specific Enteral Formulae in Europe
title A Descriptive Analysis of Macronutrient, Fatty Acid Profile, and Some Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Standard and Disease-Specific Enteral Formulae in Europe
title_full A Descriptive Analysis of Macronutrient, Fatty Acid Profile, and Some Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Standard and Disease-Specific Enteral Formulae in Europe
title_fullStr A Descriptive Analysis of Macronutrient, Fatty Acid Profile, and Some Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Standard and Disease-Specific Enteral Formulae in Europe
title_full_unstemmed A Descriptive Analysis of Macronutrient, Fatty Acid Profile, and Some Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Standard and Disease-Specific Enteral Formulae in Europe
title_short A Descriptive Analysis of Macronutrient, Fatty Acid Profile, and Some Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Standard and Disease-Specific Enteral Formulae in Europe
title_sort descriptive analysis of macronutrient, fatty acid profile, and some immunomodulatory nutrients in standard and disease-specific enteral formulae in europe
topic Nutrition
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9129913/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35619966
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.877875
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