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Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the “Green Pass” Policy

In the COVID-19 pandemic year 2021, several countries have implemented a vaccine certificate policy, the “Green Pass Policy” (GPP), to reduce virus spread and to allow safe relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions and reopening of social and economic activities. The rationale for the GPP is based on the...

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Autores principales: Polvere, Immacolata, Parrella, Alfredina, Zerillo, Lucrezia, Voccola, Serena, Cardinale, Gaetano, D’Andrea, Silvia, Madera, Jessica Raffaella, Stilo, Romania, Vito, Pasquale, Zotti, Tiziana
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9130843/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35634315
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.833085
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author Polvere, Immacolata
Parrella, Alfredina
Zerillo, Lucrezia
Voccola, Serena
Cardinale, Gaetano
D’Andrea, Silvia
Madera, Jessica Raffaella
Stilo, Romania
Vito, Pasquale
Zotti, Tiziana
author_facet Polvere, Immacolata
Parrella, Alfredina
Zerillo, Lucrezia
Voccola, Serena
Cardinale, Gaetano
D’Andrea, Silvia
Madera, Jessica Raffaella
Stilo, Romania
Vito, Pasquale
Zotti, Tiziana
author_sort Polvere, Immacolata
collection PubMed
description In the COVID-19 pandemic year 2021, several countries have implemented a vaccine certificate policy, the “Green Pass Policy” (GPP), to reduce virus spread and to allow safe relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions and reopening of social and economic activities. The rationale for the GPP is based on the assumption that vaccinated people should maintain a certain degree of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Here we describe and compare, for the first time, the humoral immune response to mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines in terms of antibody titer elicited, neutralizing activity, and epitope reactogenicity among 369 individuals aged 19 to 94 years. In parallel, we also considered the use of a rapid test for the determination of neutralizing antibodies as a tool to guide policymakers in defining booster vaccination strategies and eligibility for Green Pass. Our analysis demonstrates that the titer of antibodies directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike is significantly associated with age and vaccine type. Moreover, natural COVID-19 infection combined with vaccination results, on average, in higher antibody titer and higher neutralizing activity as compared to fully vaccinated individuals without prior COVID-19. We also found that levels of anti-Spike RBD antibodies are not always strictly associated with the extent of inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding, as we could observe different neutralizing activities in sera with similar anti-RBD concentrations. Finally, we evaluated the reactivity to four synthetic peptides derived from Spike protein on a randomly selected serum sample and observed that similar to SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination elicits a heterogeneous antibody response with qualitative individual features. On the basis of our results, the use of rapid devices to detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies, even on a large scale and repeatedly over time, appears helpful in determining the duration of the humoral protection elicited by vaccination. These aspects and their implications for the GPP are discussed.
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spelling pubmed-91308432022-05-26 Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the “Green Pass” Policy Polvere, Immacolata Parrella, Alfredina Zerillo, Lucrezia Voccola, Serena Cardinale, Gaetano D’Andrea, Silvia Madera, Jessica Raffaella Stilo, Romania Vito, Pasquale Zotti, Tiziana Front Immunol Immunology In the COVID-19 pandemic year 2021, several countries have implemented a vaccine certificate policy, the “Green Pass Policy” (GPP), to reduce virus spread and to allow safe relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions and reopening of social and economic activities. The rationale for the GPP is based on the assumption that vaccinated people should maintain a certain degree of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Here we describe and compare, for the first time, the humoral immune response to mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines in terms of antibody titer elicited, neutralizing activity, and epitope reactogenicity among 369 individuals aged 19 to 94 years. In parallel, we also considered the use of a rapid test for the determination of neutralizing antibodies as a tool to guide policymakers in defining booster vaccination strategies and eligibility for Green Pass. Our analysis demonstrates that the titer of antibodies directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike is significantly associated with age and vaccine type. Moreover, natural COVID-19 infection combined with vaccination results, on average, in higher antibody titer and higher neutralizing activity as compared to fully vaccinated individuals without prior COVID-19. We also found that levels of anti-Spike RBD antibodies are not always strictly associated with the extent of inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding, as we could observe different neutralizing activities in sera with similar anti-RBD concentrations. Finally, we evaluated the reactivity to four synthetic peptides derived from Spike protein on a randomly selected serum sample and observed that similar to SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination elicits a heterogeneous antibody response with qualitative individual features. On the basis of our results, the use of rapid devices to detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies, even on a large scale and repeatedly over time, appears helpful in determining the duration of the humoral protection elicited by vaccination. These aspects and their implications for the GPP are discussed. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-05-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9130843/ /pubmed/35634315 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.833085 Text en Copyright © 2022 Polvere, Parrella, Zerillo, Voccola, Cardinale, D’Andrea, Madera, Stilo, Vito and Zotti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Polvere, Immacolata
Parrella, Alfredina
Zerillo, Lucrezia
Voccola, Serena
Cardinale, Gaetano
D’Andrea, Silvia
Madera, Jessica Raffaella
Stilo, Romania
Vito, Pasquale
Zotti, Tiziana
Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the “Green Pass” Policy
title Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the “Green Pass” Policy
title_full Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the “Green Pass” Policy
title_fullStr Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the “Green Pass” Policy
title_full_unstemmed Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the “Green Pass” Policy
title_short Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the “Green Pass” Policy
title_sort humoral immune response diversity to different covid-19 vaccines: implications for the “green pass” policy
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9130843/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35634315
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.833085
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