Presynaptic Mitochondria Communicate With Release Sites for Spatio-Temporal Regulation of Exocytosis at the Motor Nerve Terminal

Presynaptic Ca(2+) regulation is critical for accurate neurotransmitter release, vesicle reloading of release sites, and plastic changes in response to electrical activity. One of the main players in the regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) in nerve terminals is mitochondria, which control the size and spread of the Ca(2+) wave during sustained electrical activity. However, the role of mitochondria in Ca(2+) signaling during high-frequency short bursts of action potentials (APs) is not well known. Here, we studied spatial and temporal relationships between mitochondrial Ca(2+) (mCa(2+)) and exocytosis by live imaging and electrophysiology in adult motor nerve terminals of transgenic mice expressing synaptophysin-pHluorin (SypHy). Our results show that hot spots of exocytosis and mitochondria are organized in subsynaptic functional regions and that mitochondria start to uptake Ca(2+) after a few APs. We also show that mitochondria contribute to the regulation of the mode of fusion (synchronous and asynchronous) and the kinetics of release and replenishment of the readily releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles. We propose that mitochondria modulate the timing and reliability of neurotransmission in motor nerve terminals during brief AP trains.