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Evaluation of the 10 Warning Signs in Primary and Secondary Immunodeficient Patients
OBJECTIVES: Ten warning signs of primary immunodeficiency (PID) were suggested by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF), to increase physician awareness of PID. These warning signs have not yet been evaluated for patients with secondary immunodeficiency (SID). This study investigated whether the 10 wa...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9136241/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35634313 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.900055 |
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author | Eldeniz, Fadime Ceyda Gul, Yahya Yorulmaz, Alaaddin Guner, Sukru Nail Keles, Sevgi Reisli, Ismail |
author_facet | Eldeniz, Fadime Ceyda Gul, Yahya Yorulmaz, Alaaddin Guner, Sukru Nail Keles, Sevgi Reisli, Ismail |
author_sort | Eldeniz, Fadime Ceyda |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: Ten warning signs of primary immunodeficiency (PID) were suggested by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF), to increase physician awareness of PID. These warning signs have not yet been evaluated for patients with secondary immunodeficiency (SID). This study investigated whether the 10 warning signs used for the diagnosis of PID were also sufficient for the diagnosis of SID, and explored the possibility of additional signs. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted between June and December 2020. The mothers of 162 patients with PID and SID, and mothers of 200 healthy children, were asked to complete a questionnaire about family and personal history in addition to the warning signs of PID developed by the JMF. A JMF score was created by giving one point for each “Yes” answer for the 10 warning signs of PID. Medical records of the patients were evaluated for possible additional warning signs for PID and SID. RESULTS: The JMF scores of the PID (3.36 ± 1.65) and SID (3.72 ± 1.12) groups were significantly higher than the scores of the control group (0.34 ± 0.61) (p < 0.05). A sign for immunological evaluation in two patients without warning signs in the PID group was found to be chronic diarrhea. In addition to the 10 JMF warning signs, we found that consanguinity and a family history of tuberculosis were statistically significant in our PID group, compared with the SID and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The JMF warning signs are important for early diagnosis of PID. Our study showed that these signs may also be used for the early diagnosis of SID in patients and, according to our results, in addition to the 10 JMF signs for PID, parental consanguinity, chronic diarrhea, and a family history of tuberculosis may also be considered warning signs for the early diagnosis of PID. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9136241 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91362412022-05-28 Evaluation of the 10 Warning Signs in Primary and Secondary Immunodeficient Patients Eldeniz, Fadime Ceyda Gul, Yahya Yorulmaz, Alaaddin Guner, Sukru Nail Keles, Sevgi Reisli, Ismail Front Immunol Immunology OBJECTIVES: Ten warning signs of primary immunodeficiency (PID) were suggested by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF), to increase physician awareness of PID. These warning signs have not yet been evaluated for patients with secondary immunodeficiency (SID). This study investigated whether the 10 warning signs used for the diagnosis of PID were also sufficient for the diagnosis of SID, and explored the possibility of additional signs. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted between June and December 2020. The mothers of 162 patients with PID and SID, and mothers of 200 healthy children, were asked to complete a questionnaire about family and personal history in addition to the warning signs of PID developed by the JMF. A JMF score was created by giving one point for each “Yes” answer for the 10 warning signs of PID. Medical records of the patients were evaluated for possible additional warning signs for PID and SID. RESULTS: The JMF scores of the PID (3.36 ± 1.65) and SID (3.72 ± 1.12) groups were significantly higher than the scores of the control group (0.34 ± 0.61) (p < 0.05). A sign for immunological evaluation in two patients without warning signs in the PID group was found to be chronic diarrhea. In addition to the 10 JMF warning signs, we found that consanguinity and a family history of tuberculosis were statistically significant in our PID group, compared with the SID and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The JMF warning signs are important for early diagnosis of PID. Our study showed that these signs may also be used for the early diagnosis of SID in patients and, according to our results, in addition to the 10 JMF signs for PID, parental consanguinity, chronic diarrhea, and a family history of tuberculosis may also be considered warning signs for the early diagnosis of PID. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-05-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9136241/ /pubmed/35634313 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.900055 Text en Copyright © 2022 Eldeniz, Gul, Yorulmaz, Guner, Keles and Reisli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Eldeniz, Fadime Ceyda Gul, Yahya Yorulmaz, Alaaddin Guner, Sukru Nail Keles, Sevgi Reisli, Ismail Evaluation of the 10 Warning Signs in Primary and Secondary Immunodeficient Patients |
title | Evaluation of the 10 Warning Signs in Primary and Secondary Immunodeficient Patients |
title_full | Evaluation of the 10 Warning Signs in Primary and Secondary Immunodeficient Patients |
title_fullStr | Evaluation of the 10 Warning Signs in Primary and Secondary Immunodeficient Patients |
title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of the 10 Warning Signs in Primary and Secondary Immunodeficient Patients |
title_short | Evaluation of the 10 Warning Signs in Primary and Secondary Immunodeficient Patients |
title_sort | evaluation of the 10 warning signs in primary and secondary immunodeficient patients |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9136241/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35634313 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.900055 |
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