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Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives

Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis o...

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Autores principales: Dawood, Ali, Algharib, Samah Attia, Zhao, Gang, Zhu, Tingting, Qi, Mingpu, Delai, Kong, Hao, Zhiyu, Marawan, Marawan A., Shirani, Ihsanullah, Guo, Aizhen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9137434/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35646746
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731
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author Dawood, Ali
Algharib, Samah Attia
Zhao, Gang
Zhu, Tingting
Qi, Mingpu
Delai, Kong
Hao, Zhiyu
Marawan, Marawan A.
Shirani, Ihsanullah
Guo, Aizhen
author_facet Dawood, Ali
Algharib, Samah Attia
Zhao, Gang
Zhu, Tingting
Qi, Mingpu
Delai, Kong
Hao, Zhiyu
Marawan, Marawan A.
Shirani, Ihsanullah
Guo, Aizhen
author_sort Dawood, Ali
collection PubMed
description Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host’s immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
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spelling pubmed-91374342022-05-28 Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives Dawood, Ali Algharib, Samah Attia Zhao, Gang Zhu, Tingting Qi, Mingpu Delai, Kong Hao, Zhiyu Marawan, Marawan A. Shirani, Ihsanullah Guo, Aizhen Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host’s immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-05-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9137434/ /pubmed/35646746 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731 Text en Copyright © 2022 Dawood, Algharib, Zhao, Zhu, Qi, Delai, Hao, Marawan, Shirani and Guo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Dawood, Ali
Algharib, Samah Attia
Zhao, Gang
Zhu, Tingting
Qi, Mingpu
Delai, Kong
Hao, Zhiyu
Marawan, Marawan A.
Shirani, Ihsanullah
Guo, Aizhen
Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives
title Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives
title_full Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives
title_fullStr Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives
title_full_unstemmed Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives
title_short Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives
title_sort mycoplasmas as host pantropic and specific pathogens: clinical implications, gene transfer, virulence factors, and future perspectives
topic Cellular and Infection Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9137434/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35646746
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731
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