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Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by rashes, itching, and pruritus, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lesion. It usually commences in early childhood and coexists with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, bronchi...

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Autores principales: Das, Pamelika, Mounika, Pappula, Yellurkar, Manoj Limbraj, Prasanna, Vani Sai, Sarkar, Sulogna, Velayutham, Ravichandiran, Arumugam, Somasundaram
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9139464/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626720
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11101683
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author Das, Pamelika
Mounika, Pappula
Yellurkar, Manoj Limbraj
Prasanna, Vani Sai
Sarkar, Sulogna
Velayutham, Ravichandiran
Arumugam, Somasundaram
author_facet Das, Pamelika
Mounika, Pappula
Yellurkar, Manoj Limbraj
Prasanna, Vani Sai
Sarkar, Sulogna
Velayutham, Ravichandiran
Arumugam, Somasundaram
author_sort Das, Pamelika
collection PubMed
description Atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by rashes, itching, and pruritus, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lesion. It usually commences in early childhood and coexists with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, etc. With a prevalence rate of 1–20% in adults and children worldwide, AD is gradually becoming a major health concern. Immunological aspects have been frequently focused on in the pathogenesis of AD, including the role of the epidermal barrier and the consequent abnormal cytokine expressions. Disrupted epidermal barriers, as well as allergic triggers (food allergy), contact allergens, irritants, microbes, aggravating factors, and ultraviolet light directly initiate the inflammatory response by inducing epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in the abnormal release of various pro-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines from keratinocytes. In addition, abnormal proteinases, gene mutations, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) affecting the function of the epidermal barrier can also contribute towards disease pathophysiology. Apart from this, imbalances in cholinergic or adrenergic responses in the epidermis or the role played by immune cells in the epidermis such as Langerhans cells or antigen-presenting cells can also aggravate pathophysiology. The dearth of specific biomarkers for proper diagnosis and the lack of a permanent cure for AD necessitate investigation in this area. In this context, the widespread role played by keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of AD will be reviewed in this article to facilitate the opening up of new avenues of treatment for AD.
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spelling pubmed-91394642022-05-28 Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis Das, Pamelika Mounika, Pappula Yellurkar, Manoj Limbraj Prasanna, Vani Sai Sarkar, Sulogna Velayutham, Ravichandiran Arumugam, Somasundaram Cells Review Atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by rashes, itching, and pruritus, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lesion. It usually commences in early childhood and coexists with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, etc. With a prevalence rate of 1–20% in adults and children worldwide, AD is gradually becoming a major health concern. Immunological aspects have been frequently focused on in the pathogenesis of AD, including the role of the epidermal barrier and the consequent abnormal cytokine expressions. Disrupted epidermal barriers, as well as allergic triggers (food allergy), contact allergens, irritants, microbes, aggravating factors, and ultraviolet light directly initiate the inflammatory response by inducing epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in the abnormal release of various pro-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines from keratinocytes. In addition, abnormal proteinases, gene mutations, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) affecting the function of the epidermal barrier can also contribute towards disease pathophysiology. Apart from this, imbalances in cholinergic or adrenergic responses in the epidermis or the role played by immune cells in the epidermis such as Langerhans cells or antigen-presenting cells can also aggravate pathophysiology. The dearth of specific biomarkers for proper diagnosis and the lack of a permanent cure for AD necessitate investigation in this area. In this context, the widespread role played by keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of AD will be reviewed in this article to facilitate the opening up of new avenues of treatment for AD. MDPI 2022-05-19 /pmc/articles/PMC9139464/ /pubmed/35626720 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11101683 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Das, Pamelika
Mounika, Pappula
Yellurkar, Manoj Limbraj
Prasanna, Vani Sai
Sarkar, Sulogna
Velayutham, Ravichandiran
Arumugam, Somasundaram
Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis
title Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis
title_full Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis
title_fullStr Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis
title_full_unstemmed Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis
title_short Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis
title_sort keratinocytes: an enigmatic factor in atopic dermatitis
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9139464/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626720
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11101683
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