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Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Children by Using HBM-Data

Due to their extensive usage, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected in humans and in the environment. Human are exposed to OPFRs via inhalation of indoor air, dust uptake or dietary uptake through contaminated food and drinking water. Only recently, few studies addressing diet...

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Autores principales: Plichta, Veronika, Steinwider, Johann, Vogel, Nina, Weber, Till, Kolossa-Gehring, Marike, Murínová, Lubica Palkovičová, Wimmerová, Soňa, Tratnik, Janja Snoj, Horvat, Milena, Koppen, Gudrun, Govarts, Eva, Gilles, Liese, Rodriguez Martin, Laura, Schoeters, Greet, Covaci, Adrian, Fillol, Clémence, Rambaud, Loïc, Jensen, Tina Kold, Rauscher-Gabernig, Elke
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9144966/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35622647
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050234
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author Plichta, Veronika
Steinwider, Johann
Vogel, Nina
Weber, Till
Kolossa-Gehring, Marike
Murínová, Lubica Palkovičová
Wimmerová, Soňa
Tratnik, Janja Snoj
Horvat, Milena
Koppen, Gudrun
Govarts, Eva
Gilles, Liese
Rodriguez Martin, Laura
Schoeters, Greet
Covaci, Adrian
Fillol, Clémence
Rambaud, Loïc
Jensen, Tina Kold
Rauscher-Gabernig, Elke
author_facet Plichta, Veronika
Steinwider, Johann
Vogel, Nina
Weber, Till
Kolossa-Gehring, Marike
Murínová, Lubica Palkovičová
Wimmerová, Soňa
Tratnik, Janja Snoj
Horvat, Milena
Koppen, Gudrun
Govarts, Eva
Gilles, Liese
Rodriguez Martin, Laura
Schoeters, Greet
Covaci, Adrian
Fillol, Clémence
Rambaud, Loïc
Jensen, Tina Kold
Rauscher-Gabernig, Elke
author_sort Plichta, Veronika
collection PubMed
description Due to their extensive usage, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected in humans and in the environment. Human are exposed to OPFRs via inhalation of indoor air, dust uptake or dietary uptake through contaminated food and drinking water. Only recently, few studies addressing dietary exposure to OPFRs were published. In this study, we used human biomonitoring (HBM) data of OPFRs to estimate how much the dietary intake may contribute to the total exposure. We estimated by reverse dosimetry, the daily intake of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) for children using HBM data from studies with sampling sites in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Slovenia and Slovakia. For estimating the dietary exposure, a deterministic approach was chosen. The occurrence data of selected food categories were used from a published Belgium food basket study. Since the occurrence data were left-censored, the Lower bound (LB)—Upper bound (UB) approach was used. The estimated daily intake (EDI) calculated on the basis of urine metabolite concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.18 µg/kg bw/d for TDCIPP, from 0.05 to 0.17 µg/kg bw/d for TCIPP and from 0.02 to 0.2 µg/kg bw/d for TCEP. Based on national food consumption data and occurrence data, the estimated dietary intake for TDCIPP ranged from 0.005 to 0.09 µg/kg bw/d, for TCIPP ranged from 0.037 to 0.2 µg/kg bw/d and for TCEP ranged from 0.007 to 0.018 µg/kg bw/d (summarized for all countries). The estimated dietary intake of TDCIPP contributes 11–173% to the EDI, depending on country and LB-UB scenario. The estimated dietary uptake of TCIPP was in all calculations, except in Belgium and France, above 100%. In the case of TCEP, it is assumed that the dietary intake ranges from 6 to 57%. The EDI and the estimated dietary intake contribute less than 3% to the reference dose (RfD). Therefore, the estimated exposure to OPFRs indicates a minimal health risk based on the current knowledge of available exposure, kinetic and toxicity data. We were able to show that the dietary exposure can have an impact on the general exposure based on our underlying exposure scenarios.
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spelling pubmed-91449662022-05-29 Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Children by Using HBM-Data Plichta, Veronika Steinwider, Johann Vogel, Nina Weber, Till Kolossa-Gehring, Marike Murínová, Lubica Palkovičová Wimmerová, Soňa Tratnik, Janja Snoj Horvat, Milena Koppen, Gudrun Govarts, Eva Gilles, Liese Rodriguez Martin, Laura Schoeters, Greet Covaci, Adrian Fillol, Clémence Rambaud, Loïc Jensen, Tina Kold Rauscher-Gabernig, Elke Toxics Article Due to their extensive usage, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected in humans and in the environment. Human are exposed to OPFRs via inhalation of indoor air, dust uptake or dietary uptake through contaminated food and drinking water. Only recently, few studies addressing dietary exposure to OPFRs were published. In this study, we used human biomonitoring (HBM) data of OPFRs to estimate how much the dietary intake may contribute to the total exposure. We estimated by reverse dosimetry, the daily intake of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) for children using HBM data from studies with sampling sites in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Slovenia and Slovakia. For estimating the dietary exposure, a deterministic approach was chosen. The occurrence data of selected food categories were used from a published Belgium food basket study. Since the occurrence data were left-censored, the Lower bound (LB)—Upper bound (UB) approach was used. The estimated daily intake (EDI) calculated on the basis of urine metabolite concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.18 µg/kg bw/d for TDCIPP, from 0.05 to 0.17 µg/kg bw/d for TCIPP and from 0.02 to 0.2 µg/kg bw/d for TCEP. Based on national food consumption data and occurrence data, the estimated dietary intake for TDCIPP ranged from 0.005 to 0.09 µg/kg bw/d, for TCIPP ranged from 0.037 to 0.2 µg/kg bw/d and for TCEP ranged from 0.007 to 0.018 µg/kg bw/d (summarized for all countries). The estimated dietary intake of TDCIPP contributes 11–173% to the EDI, depending on country and LB-UB scenario. The estimated dietary uptake of TCIPP was in all calculations, except in Belgium and France, above 100%. In the case of TCEP, it is assumed that the dietary intake ranges from 6 to 57%. The EDI and the estimated dietary intake contribute less than 3% to the reference dose (RfD). Therefore, the estimated exposure to OPFRs indicates a minimal health risk based on the current knowledge of available exposure, kinetic and toxicity data. We were able to show that the dietary exposure can have an impact on the general exposure based on our underlying exposure scenarios. MDPI 2022-05-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9144966/ /pubmed/35622647 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050234 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Plichta, Veronika
Steinwider, Johann
Vogel, Nina
Weber, Till
Kolossa-Gehring, Marike
Murínová, Lubica Palkovičová
Wimmerová, Soňa
Tratnik, Janja Snoj
Horvat, Milena
Koppen, Gudrun
Govarts, Eva
Gilles, Liese
Rodriguez Martin, Laura
Schoeters, Greet
Covaci, Adrian
Fillol, Clémence
Rambaud, Loïc
Jensen, Tina Kold
Rauscher-Gabernig, Elke
Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Children by Using HBM-Data
title Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Children by Using HBM-Data
title_full Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Children by Using HBM-Data
title_fullStr Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Children by Using HBM-Data
title_full_unstemmed Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Children by Using HBM-Data
title_short Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Children by Using HBM-Data
title_sort risk assessment of dietary exposure to organophosphorus flame retardants in children by using hbm-data
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9144966/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35622647
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050234
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