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Long-Term Sex-Specific Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Osteoporosis and Bone Density: A 10-Year Community-Based Cohort Study
This study explored the long-term effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on osteoporosis incidence and bone mineral density (BMD). This retrospective cohort study included men aged ≥50 years and post-menopausal women from the 2001–2002 Korea Genome and Epidemiology Study. Participants previously diagnosed...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9145052/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35629026 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102899 |
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author | Chung, Seung Min |
author_facet | Chung, Seung Min |
author_sort | Chung, Seung Min |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study explored the long-term effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on osteoporosis incidence and bone mineral density (BMD). This retrospective cohort study included men aged ≥50 years and post-menopausal women from the 2001–2002 Korea Genome and Epidemiology Study. Participants previously diagnosed with osteoporosis were excluded. Blood Cd concentrations were measured and categorized as <0.5, 0.5–1.0, and >1.0 μg/L. BMD was measured using quantitative ultrasound. Osteoporosis was diagnosed when the T-score was ≤−2.5. Confounders that affect exposure and outcome were controlled. Osteoporosis incidence and differences in BMD (ΔBMD) were assessed until 2012. The osteoporosis incidence among 243 participants who were followed up for an average of 6.3 years was 22.2%. In all the participants, a dose–response relationship was observed between blood Cd and incident osteoporosis and ΔBMD (both p-for-trend < 0.01). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, creatinine, and baseline BMD, a blood Cd concentration of >1.0 μg/L was an independent risk factor for incident osteoporosis and decrements in ΔBMD. In women, blood Cd concentrations of >0.5 μg/L increased the risk for osteoporosis. Exposure to Cd prospectively increases the risk for osteoporosis and decrements of ΔBMD, particularly in women, even in lower doses of Cd. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9145052 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91450522022-05-29 Long-Term Sex-Specific Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Osteoporosis and Bone Density: A 10-Year Community-Based Cohort Study Chung, Seung Min J Clin Med Article This study explored the long-term effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on osteoporosis incidence and bone mineral density (BMD). This retrospective cohort study included men aged ≥50 years and post-menopausal women from the 2001–2002 Korea Genome and Epidemiology Study. Participants previously diagnosed with osteoporosis were excluded. Blood Cd concentrations were measured and categorized as <0.5, 0.5–1.0, and >1.0 μg/L. BMD was measured using quantitative ultrasound. Osteoporosis was diagnosed when the T-score was ≤−2.5. Confounders that affect exposure and outcome were controlled. Osteoporosis incidence and differences in BMD (ΔBMD) were assessed until 2012. The osteoporosis incidence among 243 participants who were followed up for an average of 6.3 years was 22.2%. In all the participants, a dose–response relationship was observed between blood Cd and incident osteoporosis and ΔBMD (both p-for-trend < 0.01). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, creatinine, and baseline BMD, a blood Cd concentration of >1.0 μg/L was an independent risk factor for incident osteoporosis and decrements in ΔBMD. In women, blood Cd concentrations of >0.5 μg/L increased the risk for osteoporosis. Exposure to Cd prospectively increases the risk for osteoporosis and decrements of ΔBMD, particularly in women, even in lower doses of Cd. MDPI 2022-05-20 /pmc/articles/PMC9145052/ /pubmed/35629026 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102899 Text en © 2022 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Chung, Seung Min Long-Term Sex-Specific Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Osteoporosis and Bone Density: A 10-Year Community-Based Cohort Study |
title | Long-Term Sex-Specific Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Osteoporosis and Bone Density: A 10-Year Community-Based Cohort Study |
title_full | Long-Term Sex-Specific Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Osteoporosis and Bone Density: A 10-Year Community-Based Cohort Study |
title_fullStr | Long-Term Sex-Specific Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Osteoporosis and Bone Density: A 10-Year Community-Based Cohort Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Long-Term Sex-Specific Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Osteoporosis and Bone Density: A 10-Year Community-Based Cohort Study |
title_short | Long-Term Sex-Specific Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Osteoporosis and Bone Density: A 10-Year Community-Based Cohort Study |
title_sort | long-term sex-specific effects of cadmium exposure on osteoporosis and bone density: a 10-year community-based cohort study |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9145052/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35629026 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102899 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT chungseungmin longtermsexspecificeffectsofcadmiumexposureonosteoporosisandbonedensitya10yearcommunitybasedcohortstudy |