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Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons’ Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has proven to be a core, non-destructive, analytical technique in cultural heritage studies mainly because of its non-invasive character and ability to rapidly reveal the elemental composition of the analyzed artifacts. Being able to penetrate deeper into matter...

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Autores principales: Gerodimos, Theofanis, Asvestas, Anastasios, Mastrotheodoros, Georgios P., Chantas, Giannis, Liougos, Ioannis, Likas, Aristidis, Anagnostopoulos, Dimitrios F.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9146166/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35621911
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8050147
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author Gerodimos, Theofanis
Asvestas, Anastasios
Mastrotheodoros, Georgios P.
Chantas, Giannis
Liougos, Ioannis
Likas, Aristidis
Anagnostopoulos, Dimitrios F.
author_facet Gerodimos, Theofanis
Asvestas, Anastasios
Mastrotheodoros, Georgios P.
Chantas, Giannis
Liougos, Ioannis
Likas, Aristidis
Anagnostopoulos, Dimitrios F.
author_sort Gerodimos, Theofanis
collection PubMed
description X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has proven to be a core, non-destructive, analytical technique in cultural heritage studies mainly because of its non-invasive character and ability to rapidly reveal the elemental composition of the analyzed artifacts. Being able to penetrate deeper into matter than the visible light, X-rays allow further analysis that may eventually lead to the extraction of information that pertains to the substrate(s) of an artifact. The recently developed scanning macroscopic X-ray fluorescence method (MA-XRF) allows for the extraction of elemental distribution images. The present work aimed at comparing two different analysis methods for interpreting the large number of XRF spectra collected in the framework of MA-XRF analysis. The measured spectra were analyzed in two ways: a merely spectroscopic approach and an exploratory data analysis approach. The potentialities of the applied methods are showcased on a notable 18th-century Greek religious panel painting. The spectroscopic approach separately analyses each one of the measured spectra and leads to the construction of single-element spatial distribution images (element maps). The statistical data analysis approach leads to the grouping of all spectra into distinct clusters with common features, while afterward dimensionality reduction algorithms help reduce thousands of channels of XRF spectra in an easily perceived dataset of two-dimensional images. The two analytical approaches allow extracting detailed information about the pigments used and paint layer stratigraphy (i.e., painting technique) as well as restoration interventions/state of preservation.
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spelling pubmed-91461662022-05-29 Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons’ Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study Gerodimos, Theofanis Asvestas, Anastasios Mastrotheodoros, Georgios P. Chantas, Giannis Liougos, Ioannis Likas, Aristidis Anagnostopoulos, Dimitrios F. J Imaging Article X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has proven to be a core, non-destructive, analytical technique in cultural heritage studies mainly because of its non-invasive character and ability to rapidly reveal the elemental composition of the analyzed artifacts. Being able to penetrate deeper into matter than the visible light, X-rays allow further analysis that may eventually lead to the extraction of information that pertains to the substrate(s) of an artifact. The recently developed scanning macroscopic X-ray fluorescence method (MA-XRF) allows for the extraction of elemental distribution images. The present work aimed at comparing two different analysis methods for interpreting the large number of XRF spectra collected in the framework of MA-XRF analysis. The measured spectra were analyzed in two ways: a merely spectroscopic approach and an exploratory data analysis approach. The potentialities of the applied methods are showcased on a notable 18th-century Greek religious panel painting. The spectroscopic approach separately analyses each one of the measured spectra and leads to the construction of single-element spatial distribution images (element maps). The statistical data analysis approach leads to the grouping of all spectra into distinct clusters with common features, while afterward dimensionality reduction algorithms help reduce thousands of channels of XRF spectra in an easily perceived dataset of two-dimensional images. The two analytical approaches allow extracting detailed information about the pigments used and paint layer stratigraphy (i.e., painting technique) as well as restoration interventions/state of preservation. MDPI 2022-05-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9146166/ /pubmed/35621911 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8050147 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Gerodimos, Theofanis
Asvestas, Anastasios
Mastrotheodoros, Georgios P.
Chantas, Giannis
Liougos, Ioannis
Likas, Aristidis
Anagnostopoulos, Dimitrios F.
Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons’ Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study
title Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons’ Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study
title_full Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons’ Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study
title_fullStr Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons’ Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study
title_full_unstemmed Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons’ Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study
title_short Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons’ Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study
title_sort scanning x-ray fluorescence data analysis for the identification of byzantine icons’ materials, techniques, and state of preservation: a case study
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9146166/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35621911
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8050147
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