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Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study
Androstenedione (AD) is a key intermediate in the body’s steroid metabolism, used as a precursor for several steroid substances, such as testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, testolactone, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone. The world market for AD and ADD (androst...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147728/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35630641 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103164 |
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author | Nunes, Victor Oliveira Vanzellotti, Nathália de Castro Fraga, Jully Lacerda Pessoa, Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Ferreira, Tatiana Felix Amaral, Priscilla Filomena Fonseca |
author_facet | Nunes, Victor Oliveira Vanzellotti, Nathália de Castro Fraga, Jully Lacerda Pessoa, Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Ferreira, Tatiana Felix Amaral, Priscilla Filomena Fonseca |
author_sort | Nunes, Victor Oliveira |
collection | PubMed |
description | Androstenedione (AD) is a key intermediate in the body’s steroid metabolism, used as a precursor for several steroid substances, such as testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, testolactone, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone. The world market for AD and ADD (androstadienedione) exceeds 1000 tons per year, which stimulates the pharmaceutical industry’s search for newer and cheaper raw materials to produce steroidal compounds. In light of this interest, we aimed to investigate the progress of AD biosynthesis from phytosterols by prospecting scientific articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases) and patents (USPTO database). A wide variety of articles and patents involving AD and phytosterol were found in the last few decades, resulting in 108 relevant articles (from January 2000 to December 2021) and 23 patents of interest (from January 1976 to December 2021). The separation of these documents into macro, meso, and micro categories revealed that most studies (articles) are performed in China (54.8%) and in universities (76%), while patents are mostly granted to United States companies. It also highlights the fact that AD production studies are focused on “process improvement” techniques and on possible modifications of the “microorganism” involved in biosynthesis (64 and 62 documents, respectively). The most-reported “process improvement” technique is “chemical addition” (40%), which means that the addition of solvents, surfactants, cofactors, inducers, ionic liquids, etc., can significantly increase AD production. Microbial genetic modifications stand out in the “microorganism” category because this strategy improves AD yield considerably. These documents also revealed the main aspects of AD and ADD biosynthesis: Mycolicibacterium sp. (basonym: Mycobacterium sp.) (40%) and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum (known previously as Mycobacterium neoaurum) (32%) are the most recurrent species studied. Microbial incubation temperatures can vary from 29 °C to 37 °C; incubation can last from 72 h to 14 days; the mixture is agitated at 140 to 220 rpm; vegetable oils, mainly soybean, can be used as the source of a mixture of phytosterols. In general, the results obtained in the present technological prospecting study are fundamental to mapping the possibilities of AD biosynthesis process optimization, as well as to identifying emerging technologies and methodologies in this scenario. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9147728 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91477282022-05-29 Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study Nunes, Victor Oliveira Vanzellotti, Nathália de Castro Fraga, Jully Lacerda Pessoa, Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Ferreira, Tatiana Felix Amaral, Priscilla Filomena Fonseca Molecules Review Androstenedione (AD) is a key intermediate in the body’s steroid metabolism, used as a precursor for several steroid substances, such as testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, testolactone, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone. The world market for AD and ADD (androstadienedione) exceeds 1000 tons per year, which stimulates the pharmaceutical industry’s search for newer and cheaper raw materials to produce steroidal compounds. In light of this interest, we aimed to investigate the progress of AD biosynthesis from phytosterols by prospecting scientific articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases) and patents (USPTO database). A wide variety of articles and patents involving AD and phytosterol were found in the last few decades, resulting in 108 relevant articles (from January 2000 to December 2021) and 23 patents of interest (from January 1976 to December 2021). The separation of these documents into macro, meso, and micro categories revealed that most studies (articles) are performed in China (54.8%) and in universities (76%), while patents are mostly granted to United States companies. It also highlights the fact that AD production studies are focused on “process improvement” techniques and on possible modifications of the “microorganism” involved in biosynthesis (64 and 62 documents, respectively). The most-reported “process improvement” technique is “chemical addition” (40%), which means that the addition of solvents, surfactants, cofactors, inducers, ionic liquids, etc., can significantly increase AD production. Microbial genetic modifications stand out in the “microorganism” category because this strategy improves AD yield considerably. These documents also revealed the main aspects of AD and ADD biosynthesis: Mycolicibacterium sp. (basonym: Mycobacterium sp.) (40%) and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum (known previously as Mycobacterium neoaurum) (32%) are the most recurrent species studied. Microbial incubation temperatures can vary from 29 °C to 37 °C; incubation can last from 72 h to 14 days; the mixture is agitated at 140 to 220 rpm; vegetable oils, mainly soybean, can be used as the source of a mixture of phytosterols. In general, the results obtained in the present technological prospecting study are fundamental to mapping the possibilities of AD biosynthesis process optimization, as well as to identifying emerging technologies and methodologies in this scenario. MDPI 2022-05-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9147728/ /pubmed/35630641 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103164 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Nunes, Victor Oliveira Vanzellotti, Nathália de Castro Fraga, Jully Lacerda Pessoa, Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Ferreira, Tatiana Felix Amaral, Priscilla Filomena Fonseca Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study |
title | Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study |
title_full | Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study |
title_fullStr | Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study |
title_short | Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study |
title_sort | biotransformation of phytosterols into androstenedione—a technological prospecting study |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147728/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35630641 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103164 |
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