Minimal extrathyroidal extension is associated with lymph node metastasis in single papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 814 patients

BACKGROUND: Extrathyroidal extension (ETE) is considered a major prognostic factor in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Patients with gross ETE are at increased risk of recurrence and mortality. The importance of minimal ETE still remains controversial, especially in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between ETE and lymph node (LN) metastasis in single PTMC. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 1994 patients underwent thyroidectomy for PTC between 2012 and 2016 in a single institution. Patients with combined thyroid carcinoma of other types and those who underwent completion thyroidectomy were excluded. After further exclusion of PTC larger than 1 cm and multifocal tumors, 814 patients with single PTMC were included in the study. RESULTS: 72.9% patients had no ETE, 25.1% minimal ETE, and 2.1% gross ETE. ETE was associated with lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, and vascular invasion. Patients with minimal and gross ETE were also more likely to have LN metastasis, including lateral neck metastasis, compared to those without ETE. In univariate analysis, LN metastasis was associated with male gender, conventional PTC, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, and ETE. In multivariate analysis, male gender (OR = 1.987; 95% CI 1.369–2.884), lymphatic invasion (OR = 4.389; 95% CI 1.522–12.658), perineural invasion (OR = 6.545; 95% CI 1.262–33.948), and minimal ETE (OR = 1.852; 95% CI 1.298–2.643) were found to be independent risk factors of LN metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Minimal ETE is associated with LN metastasis in single PTMC, compared to no ETE. Minimal ETE should be considered in the management of patients with single PTMC, whether surgical or during active surveillance.