Multiple pathogens and prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: The aim of this review is to consider whether multiple pathogens have roles in prostate cancer. METHODS: We have reviewed case control studies in which infectious pathogens in prostate cancer were compared to normal and benign prostate tissues. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles. RESULTS: We confirmed that high risk human papilloma viruses are a probable cause of prostate cancer. We judged Escherichia coli, Cutibacterium acnes, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Herpes simplex, Epstein Barr virus and Mycoplasmas as each having possible but unproven roles in chronic prostatic inflammation and prostate cancer. We judged Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and the Polyoma viruses as possible but unlikely to have a role in prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS AND ACTIONS: The most influential cause of prostate cancer appears to be infection induced chronic inflammation. Given the high prevalence of prostate cancer it is important for action to can be taken without waiting for additional conclusive evidence. These include: 1. Encouragement of all boys (as well as girls) to have HPV vaccines. 2. The vigorous use of antibiotics to treat all bacterial pathogens identified in the urogenital tract. 3. The use of antiviral medications to control herpes infections. 4. Education about safe sexual practices.