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Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire

The use of camera traps (CTs) has become an increasingly popular method of studying wildlife, as CTs are able to detect rare, nocturnal, and elusive species in remote and difficult-to-access areas. It thus makes them suited to estimate animal density and abundance, identify activity patterns and new...

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Autores principales: Houa, Noël Adiko, Cappelle, Noémie, Bitty, Eloi Anderson, Normand, Emmanuelle, Kablan, Yves Aka, Boesch, Christophe
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: PeerJ Inc. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9150689/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35651744
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13510
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author Houa, Noël Adiko
Cappelle, Noémie
Bitty, Eloi Anderson
Normand, Emmanuelle
Kablan, Yves Aka
Boesch, Christophe
author_facet Houa, Noël Adiko
Cappelle, Noémie
Bitty, Eloi Anderson
Normand, Emmanuelle
Kablan, Yves Aka
Boesch, Christophe
author_sort Houa, Noël Adiko
collection PubMed
description The use of camera traps (CTs) has become an increasingly popular method of studying wildlife, as CTs are able to detect rare, nocturnal, and elusive species in remote and difficult-to-access areas. It thus makes them suited to estimate animal density and abundance, identify activity patterns and new behaviours of animals. However, animals can react when they see the CTs and this can lead to bias in the animal population estimates. While CTs may provide many advantages, an improved understanding of their impacts on individual’s behaviour is necessary to avoid erroneous density estimates. Yet, the impact of CTs on detected individuals, such as human odour near the device and the environment, or the infrared illumination, has received relatively little attention. To date, there is no clear procedure to remove this potential bias. Here, we use camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) to (1) quantify the bias resulting from the different animal responses to the CTs when determining animal density and abundance, and (2) test if olfactory, visual and auditory signals have an influence on the animals’ reaction to CTs. Between March 2019 and March 2020, we deployed CTs at 267 locations distributed systematically over the entire Taï National Park. We obtained 58,947 videos from which we analysed four medium- to-large-bodied species (Maxwell’s duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), Jentink’s duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) and Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)) displaying different behaviours towards the CTs. We then established species-specific ethograms describing the behavioural responses to the CTs. Using these species-specific responses, we observed that the Maxwell’s duiker reacted weakly to CTs (about 0.11% of the distance data), contrary to Jentink’s duiker, pygmy hippopotamus and Western chimpanzee which reacted with relatively high frequencies, representing 32.82%, 52.96% and 16.14% of the distance data, respectively. Not taking into account the species-specific responses to the CTs can lead to an artificial doubling or tripling of the populations’ sizes. All species reacted more to the CTs at close distances. Besides, the Jentink’s duiker and the pygmy hippopotamus reacted significantly more to the CTs at night than during the day. Finally, as for olfactory signals, the probability of reaction to the CTs during the first days after CTs installation was weak in Maxwell’s duiker, but concerned 18% of the video captures in Western chimpanzees which decreasing with time, but they remained high in pygmy hippopotamus and Jentink’s duiker (65% and 70% of the video captures respectively). Careful consideration should be given to animal’s response to CTs during the analysis and in the field, by reducing human’s impact around the CTs installation.
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spelling pubmed-91506892022-05-31 Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire Houa, Noël Adiko Cappelle, Noémie Bitty, Eloi Anderson Normand, Emmanuelle Kablan, Yves Aka Boesch, Christophe PeerJ Animal Behavior The use of camera traps (CTs) has become an increasingly popular method of studying wildlife, as CTs are able to detect rare, nocturnal, and elusive species in remote and difficult-to-access areas. It thus makes them suited to estimate animal density and abundance, identify activity patterns and new behaviours of animals. However, animals can react when they see the CTs and this can lead to bias in the animal population estimates. While CTs may provide many advantages, an improved understanding of their impacts on individual’s behaviour is necessary to avoid erroneous density estimates. Yet, the impact of CTs on detected individuals, such as human odour near the device and the environment, or the infrared illumination, has received relatively little attention. To date, there is no clear procedure to remove this potential bias. Here, we use camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) to (1) quantify the bias resulting from the different animal responses to the CTs when determining animal density and abundance, and (2) test if olfactory, visual and auditory signals have an influence on the animals’ reaction to CTs. Between March 2019 and March 2020, we deployed CTs at 267 locations distributed systematically over the entire Taï National Park. We obtained 58,947 videos from which we analysed four medium- to-large-bodied species (Maxwell’s duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), Jentink’s duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) and Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)) displaying different behaviours towards the CTs. We then established species-specific ethograms describing the behavioural responses to the CTs. Using these species-specific responses, we observed that the Maxwell’s duiker reacted weakly to CTs (about 0.11% of the distance data), contrary to Jentink’s duiker, pygmy hippopotamus and Western chimpanzee which reacted with relatively high frequencies, representing 32.82%, 52.96% and 16.14% of the distance data, respectively. Not taking into account the species-specific responses to the CTs can lead to an artificial doubling or tripling of the populations’ sizes. All species reacted more to the CTs at close distances. Besides, the Jentink’s duiker and the pygmy hippopotamus reacted significantly more to the CTs at night than during the day. Finally, as for olfactory signals, the probability of reaction to the CTs during the first days after CTs installation was weak in Maxwell’s duiker, but concerned 18% of the video captures in Western chimpanzees which decreasing with time, but they remained high in pygmy hippopotamus and Jentink’s duiker (65% and 70% of the video captures respectively). Careful consideration should be given to animal’s response to CTs during the analysis and in the field, by reducing human’s impact around the CTs installation. PeerJ Inc. 2022-05-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9150689/ /pubmed/35651744 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13510 Text en ©2022 Houa et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
spellingShingle Animal Behavior
Houa, Noël Adiko
Cappelle, Noémie
Bitty, Eloi Anderson
Normand, Emmanuelle
Kablan, Yves Aka
Boesch, Christophe
Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
title Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
title_full Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
title_fullStr Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
title_full_unstemmed Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
title_short Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
title_sort animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the taï national park, côte d’ivoire
topic Animal Behavior
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9150689/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35651744
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13510
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