Sleep restriction and age effects on waking alpha EEG activity in adolescents

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To understand how sleep need changes across adolescence our laboratory is carrying out a longitudinal dose–response study on the effects of sleep duration on daytime sleepiness and performance. This report focuses on the relation of the waking alpha (8–12 Hz) electroencephalogram (EEG) to prior sleep duration, whether this relation changes with age, and whether decreased waking alpha power is related to changes in daytime sleepiness, vigilance, and executive functioning. METHODS: Study participants (n = 77) entered the study at ages ranging from 9.86 to 13.98 years and were studied annually for 3 years. Each year participants completed each of three time in bed (TIB) conditions (7, 8.5, or 10 h) for four consecutive nights. Waking EEG was recorded on the day following the fourth night. RESULTS: TIB restriction and resultant sleep loss were associated with reduced alpha power with the effect being stronger for the eyes closed condition. TIB restriction altered the power spectrum within the alpha range by increasing the frequency of maximum alpha power. Alpha power decreased with age, but the effect of TIB restriction did not decrease with age. Reduced alpha power was associated with small but significant increases in subjective and objective sleepiness but was not associated with changes in vigilance or executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS: We interpret the alpha depression following sleep loss as incomplete sleep dependent recuperation that contributes to daytime sleepiness. The absence of a decrease in TIB effects with age indicates that this sleep need measure does not decrease over early to mid-adolescence.