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Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic

Fungi are a small but important part of the human microbiota and several fungi are familiar to the immune system, yet certain can cause infections in immunocompromised hosts and referred as opportunistic pathogens. The fungal coinfections in COVID-19 hosts with predisposing conditions and immunosupp...

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Autores principales: Naveen, Kumar Vishven, Saravanakumar, Kandasamy, Sathiyaseelan, Anbazhagan, MubarakAli, Davoodbasha, Wang, Myeong-Hyeon
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer US 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9156836/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35648275
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03979-5
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author Naveen, Kumar Vishven
Saravanakumar, Kandasamy
Sathiyaseelan, Anbazhagan
MubarakAli, Davoodbasha
Wang, Myeong-Hyeon
author_facet Naveen, Kumar Vishven
Saravanakumar, Kandasamy
Sathiyaseelan, Anbazhagan
MubarakAli, Davoodbasha
Wang, Myeong-Hyeon
author_sort Naveen, Kumar Vishven
collection PubMed
description Fungi are a small but important part of the human microbiota and several fungi are familiar to the immune system, yet certain can cause infections in immunocompromised hosts and referred as opportunistic pathogens. The fungal coinfections in COVID-19 hosts with predisposing conditions and immunosuppressive medications are posing higher severity and death. The immunological counteraction (innate/adaptive immunity) is triggered when the PRRs on the host cells recognize the fungal PAMPs. However, in simultaneous infections (COVID-19 and fungal coinfection), the synergism of TLR and NLR may hyperactivate the immune cells which dramatically increase the cytokine level and generate cytokine storm. Fungal colonization in the human gut assists the development of microbiome assembly, ecology, and shaping immune response. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection represented unstable mycobiomes and long-term dysbiosis in a large proportion in COVID-19 patients. Normally, amphotericin B is considered as first-line treatment for invasive fungal infection. So, amphotericin B therapy is recommended in COVID-19 hosts with serious fungal infections. Still, the long-term corticosteroid supplementation prescribed in case of severe pneumonia and lower oxygen levels may result in systemic fungal infection in COVID-19 patients, eventually limiting the lifesaving benefits of available medications. Also, due to the evolution of fungal resistance to available antibiotics, the current treatments are becoming ineffective. Therefore, this review summarizes the concerns, needed to deal with the impending crises.
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spelling pubmed-91568362022-06-02 Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic Naveen, Kumar Vishven Saravanakumar, Kandasamy Sathiyaseelan, Anbazhagan MubarakAli, Davoodbasha Wang, Myeong-Hyeon Appl Biochem Biotechnol Review Article Fungi are a small but important part of the human microbiota and several fungi are familiar to the immune system, yet certain can cause infections in immunocompromised hosts and referred as opportunistic pathogens. The fungal coinfections in COVID-19 hosts with predisposing conditions and immunosuppressive medications are posing higher severity and death. The immunological counteraction (innate/adaptive immunity) is triggered when the PRRs on the host cells recognize the fungal PAMPs. However, in simultaneous infections (COVID-19 and fungal coinfection), the synergism of TLR and NLR may hyperactivate the immune cells which dramatically increase the cytokine level and generate cytokine storm. Fungal colonization in the human gut assists the development of microbiome assembly, ecology, and shaping immune response. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection represented unstable mycobiomes and long-term dysbiosis in a large proportion in COVID-19 patients. Normally, amphotericin B is considered as first-line treatment for invasive fungal infection. So, amphotericin B therapy is recommended in COVID-19 hosts with serious fungal infections. Still, the long-term corticosteroid supplementation prescribed in case of severe pneumonia and lower oxygen levels may result in systemic fungal infection in COVID-19 patients, eventually limiting the lifesaving benefits of available medications. Also, due to the evolution of fungal resistance to available antibiotics, the current treatments are becoming ineffective. Therefore, this review summarizes the concerns, needed to deal with the impending crises. Springer US 2022-06-01 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9156836/ /pubmed/35648275 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03979-5 Text en © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.
spellingShingle Review Article
Naveen, Kumar Vishven
Saravanakumar, Kandasamy
Sathiyaseelan, Anbazhagan
MubarakAli, Davoodbasha
Wang, Myeong-Hyeon
Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic
title Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic
title_full Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic
title_fullStr Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic
title_full_unstemmed Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic
title_short Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic
title_sort human fungal infection, immune response, and clinical challenge—a perspective during covid-19 pandemic
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9156836/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35648275
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03979-5
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