Changes in anemia and anthropometry during adolescence predict learning outcomes: findings from a 3-year longitudinal study in India

BACKGROUND: Anemia and poor physical growth during adolescence have far-ranging consequences, but limited longitudinal evidence exists on how changes in these factors relate to changes in learning skills as adolescents mature. OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between changes in anemia and physical growth during adolescence and learning outcomes. METHODS: We used longitudinal data from the Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults (UDAYA) project, which surveyed adolescents aged 10–19 y in northern India in 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 (n = 5963). We used multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine associations between changes in anemia/thinness/stunting status (4 groups: never, improved, new, and persistent) and reading (ability to read a story) and math proficiency (ability to solve division problems) at follow-up. RESULTS: Persistent anemia and stunting were higher among girls than among boys (46% compared with 8% and 37% compared with 14%, respectively), but persistent thinness was lower (7% compared with 16%). Improvement in anemia, thinness, and stunting was 1.4–1.7 times higher among boys than among girls. Boys who were anemic in both waves were 74% [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.26; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.59] and 65% (AOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.76) less likely to be able to read a story and solve division problems, respectively, than boys who were nonanemic in both waves. Persistent thinness in boys was negatively associated with both reading (AOR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.66) and math proficiency (AOR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.46). Persistent stunting contributed to lower reading and math proficiency in boys and girls (AORs: 0.29–0.46). Boys whose anemia or thinness status improved and girls whose stunting status improved had similar learning skills at follow-up as those who were never anemic/thin/stunted. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent anemia, thinness, and short stature during adolescence were associated with poor learning. Programs targeted at adolescents should contribute to nurturing environments that foster healthy growth and learning.