Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pretreatment With Intravenous Fluid in Reducing the Risk of Developing Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Contrast media administration to patients during cardiac events increases the risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). CIN is among some complications usually associated with the percutaneous coronary intervention and may result in acute renal failure. Several risk factors are associated with CIN. These risk factors include; age (elderly patients), pre-existing renal impairment, diabetes mellitus, and the use of high osmolar contrast media. Studies have shown that several measures such as using low osmolar contrast media, N-acetylcysteine, intravenous sodium bicarbonate, and hydration through oral or intravenous fluid administration play a significant role in CIN incidence reduction. Hydration using intravenous fluid, especially saline solution, has been critical in preventing CIN. Prehydration using the intravenous fluid before contrast media administration is vital. A systematic literature search with meta-analysis for relevant and original articles was carried out from 2000 to 2022 on databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Embase. The search on the databases was based on various keywords related to intravenous fluid and CIN. The studies that met the inclusion criteria were critically analyzed, and data such as study design, interventions, participants, and outcomes of the research were retrieved. Out of the 784 results yielded during the initial search, ten articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the study. The data analysis obtained from the included studies showed that pretreatment using intravenous fluid has conflicting results. Some studies showed that hydrating patients using intravenous fluid before contrast media administration significantly reduces the risk of CIN. In contrast, others claimed that intravenous fluid has minimal impact on preventing CIN. Despite the different investigations conducted on CIN, it remains insufficiently understood. From the analysis, most of the studies support that intravenous fluid administration decreases the occurrence of CIN in patients that receive contrast media. The analysis also has established that oral hydration is similar to intravenous fluid administration in reducing CIN incidence.