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Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study

If facial hygiene practices vary seasonally this could have important implications for the design of interventions for trachoma control. This observational study was conducted to explore seasonal variation in hygiene behaviours in 9 households with at least one child aged 1–9 years-of-age in the Wes...

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Autores principales: Greenland, Katie, Czerniewska, Alexandra, Guye, Meseret, Legesse, Demitu, Ahmed Mume, Asanti, Shafi Abdurahman, Oumer, Abraham Aga, Muluadam, Miecha, Hirpha, Shumi Bejiga, Gemechu, Sarah, Virginia, Burton, Matthew, Last, Anna
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9173637/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35560031
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010424
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author Greenland, Katie
Czerniewska, Alexandra
Guye, Meseret
Legesse, Demitu
Ahmed Mume, Asanti
Shafi Abdurahman, Oumer
Abraham Aga, Muluadam
Miecha, Hirpha
Shumi Bejiga, Gemechu
Sarah, Virginia
Burton, Matthew
Last, Anna
author_facet Greenland, Katie
Czerniewska, Alexandra
Guye, Meseret
Legesse, Demitu
Ahmed Mume, Asanti
Shafi Abdurahman, Oumer
Abraham Aga, Muluadam
Miecha, Hirpha
Shumi Bejiga, Gemechu
Sarah, Virginia
Burton, Matthew
Last, Anna
author_sort Greenland, Katie
collection PubMed
description If facial hygiene practices vary seasonally this could have important implications for the design of interventions for trachoma control. This observational study was conducted to explore seasonal variation in hygiene behaviours in 9 households with at least one child aged 1–9 years-of-age in the West Arsi zone in rural Oromia, Ethiopia. Sixty-one household members were observed intensively over two days in the dry season (January), the rainy season (July) and during the harvest period (October) in 2018. Structured record forms were used to document household water availability and use. Daily water use per capita was very low in all seasons (3.1–4.2 litres). Around one third of water consumed in households in all seasons was associated with body washing. Soap was used during 44 of 677 (6%) of these observed occasions and half of all body washes (n = 340; 50%) included face washing. Overall, 95% of 58 individuals washed their faces at least once between 06:30h and 21:30h in the dry season (21% with soap), compared with 79% in the rainy season (2% with soap) (p = 0.013). Sixty-five percent of householders washed their faces during the harvest observation period (06:30h to 17:30h), none of whom used soap. Twenty-eight percent of 204 children aged 11 and under still had ocular or nasal discharge on their faces after washing. Seventy-three percent of those who washed their faces did so more than once in the dry season, compared with 33% in the rainy season (p<0.001). Face washing occurred throughout the day during the dry season, with a clear peak in the early morning and extra washes in the early evening. Face washing mainly took place in the early morning in the other two seasons. Genuine water scarcity in this area is likely to limit the impact of face washing interventions for trachoma control in the absence of water supply interventions. However, face washing was most common at the time of year when water is the hardest to come by, and seasonal differences in behaviour should be considered in any resulting intervention design.
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spelling pubmed-91736372022-06-08 Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study Greenland, Katie Czerniewska, Alexandra Guye, Meseret Legesse, Demitu Ahmed Mume, Asanti Shafi Abdurahman, Oumer Abraham Aga, Muluadam Miecha, Hirpha Shumi Bejiga, Gemechu Sarah, Virginia Burton, Matthew Last, Anna PLoS Negl Trop Dis Research Article If facial hygiene practices vary seasonally this could have important implications for the design of interventions for trachoma control. This observational study was conducted to explore seasonal variation in hygiene behaviours in 9 households with at least one child aged 1–9 years-of-age in the West Arsi zone in rural Oromia, Ethiopia. Sixty-one household members were observed intensively over two days in the dry season (January), the rainy season (July) and during the harvest period (October) in 2018. Structured record forms were used to document household water availability and use. Daily water use per capita was very low in all seasons (3.1–4.2 litres). Around one third of water consumed in households in all seasons was associated with body washing. Soap was used during 44 of 677 (6%) of these observed occasions and half of all body washes (n = 340; 50%) included face washing. Overall, 95% of 58 individuals washed their faces at least once between 06:30h and 21:30h in the dry season (21% with soap), compared with 79% in the rainy season (2% with soap) (p = 0.013). Sixty-five percent of householders washed their faces during the harvest observation period (06:30h to 17:30h), none of whom used soap. Twenty-eight percent of 204 children aged 11 and under still had ocular or nasal discharge on their faces after washing. Seventy-three percent of those who washed their faces did so more than once in the dry season, compared with 33% in the rainy season (p<0.001). Face washing occurred throughout the day during the dry season, with a clear peak in the early morning and extra washes in the early evening. Face washing mainly took place in the early morning in the other two seasons. Genuine water scarcity in this area is likely to limit the impact of face washing interventions for trachoma control in the absence of water supply interventions. However, face washing was most common at the time of year when water is the hardest to come by, and seasonal differences in behaviour should be considered in any resulting intervention design. Public Library of Science 2022-05-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9173637/ /pubmed/35560031 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010424 Text en © 2022 Greenland et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Greenland, Katie
Czerniewska, Alexandra
Guye, Meseret
Legesse, Demitu
Ahmed Mume, Asanti
Shafi Abdurahman, Oumer
Abraham Aga, Muluadam
Miecha, Hirpha
Shumi Bejiga, Gemechu
Sarah, Virginia
Burton, Matthew
Last, Anna
Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study
title Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study
title_full Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study
title_fullStr Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study
title_full_unstemmed Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study
title_short Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study
title_sort seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in oromia, ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: an intensive observational study
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9173637/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35560031
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010424
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