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Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study
PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of near heterophoria with refraction and axial length (AL) in Chinese school children. METHODS: This school-based cross-sectional study included 15,081 Chinese primary school children (grades 1–6) examined during 2017. Near heterophoria was measured at 33 cm usin...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9173904/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35685903 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7549851 |
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author | Chen, Xiaoqin Jiang, Yanglin Fan, Qian Li, Lihua Lu, Wenli Wang, Yan |
author_facet | Chen, Xiaoqin Jiang, Yanglin Fan, Qian Li, Lihua Lu, Wenli Wang, Yan |
author_sort | Chen, Xiaoqin |
collection | PubMed |
description | PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of near heterophoria with refraction and axial length (AL) in Chinese school children. METHODS: This school-based cross-sectional study included 15,081 Chinese primary school children (grades 1–6) examined during 2017. Near heterophoria was measured at 33 cm using the Maddox rod and prism test. Noncycloplegic refraction and AL were also measured. A generalized additive model with a Gaussian link was used to determine the association of near heterophoria with refraction and AL. Analyses were adjusted for age to account for differences in the age distribution of the sample. RESULTS: Overall, data were analyzed for 11,013 students ranging in age from 6 to 13 years. The most common type of near heterophoria was exophoria (64.96%), the proportion and value of which increased according to grade. Exophoria accounted for 62.53% (2,328/3,723), 65.03% (2,501/3,846), and 67.51% (2,325/3,444) of near heterophoria cases for grades 1-2, grades 3-4, and grades 5-6, respectively. Prism diopter (PD) values for near heterophoria in these grades were −6.30 ± 3.69, −6.81 ± 4.01, and −8.32 ± 5.12 PD, respectively. The average spherical equivalent (SE) in children with orthophoria was 0.23 D and 0.25 D lower than those in children with exophoria and esophoria, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean AL in children with orthophoria was 0.11 mm shorter than that in children with either exophoria or esophoria (P < 0.001). Near heterophoria exhibited a significant correlation with refraction and AL, irrespective of age. CONCLUSIONS: Exophoria represents the most common type of near heterophoria in children. Children with more severe near heterophoria, whether exophoria or esophoria, exhibited a higher degree of myopia and longer AL than those with relatively less severe near heterophoria. These results highlight the need for further, long-term investigation regarding the role of near heterophoria in visual development. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9173904 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91739042022-06-08 Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study Chen, Xiaoqin Jiang, Yanglin Fan, Qian Li, Lihua Lu, Wenli Wang, Yan J Ophthalmol Research Article PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of near heterophoria with refraction and axial length (AL) in Chinese school children. METHODS: This school-based cross-sectional study included 15,081 Chinese primary school children (grades 1–6) examined during 2017. Near heterophoria was measured at 33 cm using the Maddox rod and prism test. Noncycloplegic refraction and AL were also measured. A generalized additive model with a Gaussian link was used to determine the association of near heterophoria with refraction and AL. Analyses were adjusted for age to account for differences in the age distribution of the sample. RESULTS: Overall, data were analyzed for 11,013 students ranging in age from 6 to 13 years. The most common type of near heterophoria was exophoria (64.96%), the proportion and value of which increased according to grade. Exophoria accounted for 62.53% (2,328/3,723), 65.03% (2,501/3,846), and 67.51% (2,325/3,444) of near heterophoria cases for grades 1-2, grades 3-4, and grades 5-6, respectively. Prism diopter (PD) values for near heterophoria in these grades were −6.30 ± 3.69, −6.81 ± 4.01, and −8.32 ± 5.12 PD, respectively. The average spherical equivalent (SE) in children with orthophoria was 0.23 D and 0.25 D lower than those in children with exophoria and esophoria, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean AL in children with orthophoria was 0.11 mm shorter than that in children with either exophoria or esophoria (P < 0.001). Near heterophoria exhibited a significant correlation with refraction and AL, irrespective of age. CONCLUSIONS: Exophoria represents the most common type of near heterophoria in children. Children with more severe near heterophoria, whether exophoria or esophoria, exhibited a higher degree of myopia and longer AL than those with relatively less severe near heterophoria. These results highlight the need for further, long-term investigation regarding the role of near heterophoria in visual development. Hindawi 2022-05-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9173904/ /pubmed/35685903 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7549851 Text en Copyright © 2022 Xiaoqin Chen et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Chen, Xiaoqin Jiang, Yanglin Fan, Qian Li, Lihua Lu, Wenli Wang, Yan Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study |
title | Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study |
title_full | Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study |
title_fullStr | Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study |
title_short | Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study |
title_sort | association of axial length and refraction with near horizontal heterophoria in chinese children: an observational cross-sectional study |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9173904/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35685903 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7549851 |
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