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From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs
Natural water certified reference materials (CRMs) are mostly available in a liquid form, and they are produced starting from suitable environmental samples. Many precautions are usually needed to avoid biological or physical degradation, including filtration, acidification, and sterilization. In th...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9174130/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35545684 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04098-0 |
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author | Pagliano, Enea Nadeau, Kenny Mihai, Ovidiu Pihillagawa Gedara, Indumathi Mester, Zoltán |
author_facet | Pagliano, Enea Nadeau, Kenny Mihai, Ovidiu Pihillagawa Gedara, Indumathi Mester, Zoltán |
author_sort | Pagliano, Enea |
collection | PubMed |
description | Natural water certified reference materials (CRMs) are mostly available in a liquid form, and they are produced starting from suitable environmental samples. Many precautions are usually needed to avoid biological or physical degradation, including filtration, acidification, and sterilization. In this study, the drawbacks associated with liquid-based seawater CRMs were tackled by developing a salt-based seawater proxy for nutrients that could be reconstituted in water solution just before use. Phosphate, silicate, and nitrate were chosen as target analytes. Sea salt mimicking the composition of seawater was spiked with an aqueous solution of the analytes and homogenized using a high-energy planetary ball mill (u(hom) < 1.2%). The salt powder CRM SALT-1 (https://doi.org/10.4224/crm.2022.salt-1) demonstrated good short- and long-term stability for nutrients. When the SALT-1 was reconstituted in water at the 4.0% w/w level, the resulting solution had similar properties with respect to typical seawater in terms of major constituents (± 20%), trace metals, density (1.023 g/mL), pH (8.8–9.0), and optical properties relevant to the photometric characterization. Phosphate and silicate were quantified by photometry (molybdenum blue method, batch mode), whereas nitrate was quantified by isotope dilution GC−MS (u(char) < 1.2%). In the SALT-1 reconstituted seawater solution at the 4.0% w/w salt level, the nutrient amount concentration was w(phosphate, PO(4)(3−)) = 1.615 ± 0.030 μmol/L, w(silicate as SiO(2)) = 8.89 ± 0.31 μmol/L, and w(nitrate, NO(3)(−)) = 18.98 ± 0.45 μmol/L at the 95% confidence (k = 2). Overall, the SALT-1 CRM exhibits similar nutrient profile and general analytical characteristics as the MOOS-3 CRM. However, the SALT-1 has much reduced preparation, storage, and distribution cost, likely much better long-term stability, and it could enable the production of lower cost and more accessible seawater reference materials. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00216-022-04098-0. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9174130 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91741302022-06-09 From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs Pagliano, Enea Nadeau, Kenny Mihai, Ovidiu Pihillagawa Gedara, Indumathi Mester, Zoltán Anal Bioanal Chem Research Paper Natural water certified reference materials (CRMs) are mostly available in a liquid form, and they are produced starting from suitable environmental samples. Many precautions are usually needed to avoid biological or physical degradation, including filtration, acidification, and sterilization. In this study, the drawbacks associated with liquid-based seawater CRMs were tackled by developing a salt-based seawater proxy for nutrients that could be reconstituted in water solution just before use. Phosphate, silicate, and nitrate were chosen as target analytes. Sea salt mimicking the composition of seawater was spiked with an aqueous solution of the analytes and homogenized using a high-energy planetary ball mill (u(hom) < 1.2%). The salt powder CRM SALT-1 (https://doi.org/10.4224/crm.2022.salt-1) demonstrated good short- and long-term stability for nutrients. When the SALT-1 was reconstituted in water at the 4.0% w/w level, the resulting solution had similar properties with respect to typical seawater in terms of major constituents (± 20%), trace metals, density (1.023 g/mL), pH (8.8–9.0), and optical properties relevant to the photometric characterization. Phosphate and silicate were quantified by photometry (molybdenum blue method, batch mode), whereas nitrate was quantified by isotope dilution GC−MS (u(char) < 1.2%). In the SALT-1 reconstituted seawater solution at the 4.0% w/w salt level, the nutrient amount concentration was w(phosphate, PO(4)(3−)) = 1.615 ± 0.030 μmol/L, w(silicate as SiO(2)) = 8.89 ± 0.31 μmol/L, and w(nitrate, NO(3)(−)) = 18.98 ± 0.45 μmol/L at the 95% confidence (k = 2). Overall, the SALT-1 CRM exhibits similar nutrient profile and general analytical characteristics as the MOOS-3 CRM. However, the SALT-1 has much reduced preparation, storage, and distribution cost, likely much better long-term stability, and it could enable the production of lower cost and more accessible seawater reference materials. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00216-022-04098-0. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2022-05-12 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9174130/ /pubmed/35545684 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04098-0 Text en © Crown 2022, corrected publication 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Research Paper Pagliano, Enea Nadeau, Kenny Mihai, Ovidiu Pihillagawa Gedara, Indumathi Mester, Zoltán From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs |
title | From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs |
title_full | From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs |
title_fullStr | From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs |
title_full_unstemmed | From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs |
title_short | From sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water CRMs |
title_sort | from sea salt to seawater: a novel approach for the production of water crms |
topic | Research Paper |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9174130/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35545684 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04098-0 |
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