Chitosan Tubes Inoculated with Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Stem Cell Factor Enhance Facial Nerve-Vascularized Regeneration in Rabbits

[Image: see text] Facial nerve injury is a common clinical condition that leads to disfigurement and emotional distress in the affected individuals, and the recovery presents clinical challenges. Tissue engineering is the standard method to repair nerve defects. However, nerve regeneration is still not satisfactory because of poor neovascularization after implantation, especially for the long-segment nerve defects. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the potential of chitosan tubes inoculated with stem cell factor (SCF) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in facial nerve-vascularized regeneration. In the in vitro experiment, DPSCs were isolated, cultured, and then identified. The optimal concentration of SCF was screened by CCK8. Cytoskeleton and living-cell staining, migration, CCK8 test, and neural differentiation assays were performed, revealing that SCF promoted the biological activity of DPSCs. Surprisingly, SCF increased the neural differentiation of DPSCs. The migration and angiogenesis experiments were carried out to show that SCF promoted the angiogenesis and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In the facial nerve, 7 mm defects of New Zealand white rabbits, hematoxylin–eosin (HE), immunohistochemistry, toluidine blue staining, and transmission electron microscopy observation were performed at 12 weeks postsurgery to show more nerve fibers and better myelin sheath in the SCF + DPSC group. In addition, the whisker movements, Masson’s staining, and western blot assays were performed, demonstrating functional repair and that the expression level of CD31 protein in the group SCF + DPSCs was relatively close to that in the group Autograft. In summary, chitosan tubes inoculated with SCF and DPSCs increased neurovascularization and provided an effective method for repairing facial nerve defects, indicating great promise for clinical application.