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Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling

BACKGROUND: The WHO has established a control strategy for Strongyloides stercoralis in school-aged children as well as targets and to maintain control programs for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms. For an efficient development of control programs, it is necessary to know the...

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Autores principales: Fleitas, Pedro Emanuel, Kehl, Sebastián Dario, Lopez, Walter, Travacio, Marina, Nieves, Elvia, Gil, José Fernando, Cimino, Rubén Oscar, Krolewiecki, Alejandro Javier
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9178904/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35676740
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05284-w
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author Fleitas, Pedro Emanuel
Kehl, Sebastián Dario
Lopez, Walter
Travacio, Marina
Nieves, Elvia
Gil, José Fernando
Cimino, Rubén Oscar
Krolewiecki, Alejandro Javier
author_facet Fleitas, Pedro Emanuel
Kehl, Sebastián Dario
Lopez, Walter
Travacio, Marina
Nieves, Elvia
Gil, José Fernando
Cimino, Rubén Oscar
Krolewiecki, Alejandro Javier
author_sort Fleitas, Pedro Emanuel
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The WHO has established a control strategy for Strongyloides stercoralis in school-aged children as well as targets and to maintain control programs for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms. For an efficient development of control programs, it is necessary to know the target countries around the world, as well as the areas within each country where efforts should be focused. Therefore, maps that provide information on the areas at risk for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections on a national and sub-national scale would allow for a better allocation of resources. METHODS: We used the ecological niche models MaxEnt and Kuenm R library to estimate the global distribution of S. stercoralis and hookworms. We used occurrence points of both species extracted from surveys of two literature reviews and from the Global Atlas of Helminth Infection database, together with 14 raster maps of environmental variables. RESULTS: We obtained two raster maps with the presence probability of S. stercoralis and hookworm infections at a global level and then estimated the global population at risk to be 2.6 and 3.4 billion, respectively. The population at risk was also estimated at the country level using estimations for areas as small as 25 km(2). A relationship was found between the probability of the presence of S. stercoralis and its prevalence, and a raster map was generated. Annual precipitation, annual temperature, soil carbon content and land cover were the main associated environmental variables. The ecological niches of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms had an overlap of 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Here we provide information that can be used for developing more efficient and integrated control strategies for S. stercoralis and hookworm infections. This information can be annexed to the study of other risk factors or even other diseases to assess the health status of a community. GRAPHICAL ABSTARCT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05284-w.
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spelling pubmed-91789042022-06-10 Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling Fleitas, Pedro Emanuel Kehl, Sebastián Dario Lopez, Walter Travacio, Marina Nieves, Elvia Gil, José Fernando Cimino, Rubén Oscar Krolewiecki, Alejandro Javier Parasit Vectors Research BACKGROUND: The WHO has established a control strategy for Strongyloides stercoralis in school-aged children as well as targets and to maintain control programs for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms. For an efficient development of control programs, it is necessary to know the target countries around the world, as well as the areas within each country where efforts should be focused. Therefore, maps that provide information on the areas at risk for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections on a national and sub-national scale would allow for a better allocation of resources. METHODS: We used the ecological niche models MaxEnt and Kuenm R library to estimate the global distribution of S. stercoralis and hookworms. We used occurrence points of both species extracted from surveys of two literature reviews and from the Global Atlas of Helminth Infection database, together with 14 raster maps of environmental variables. RESULTS: We obtained two raster maps with the presence probability of S. stercoralis and hookworm infections at a global level and then estimated the global population at risk to be 2.6 and 3.4 billion, respectively. The population at risk was also estimated at the country level using estimations for areas as small as 25 km(2). A relationship was found between the probability of the presence of S. stercoralis and its prevalence, and a raster map was generated. Annual precipitation, annual temperature, soil carbon content and land cover were the main associated environmental variables. The ecological niches of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms had an overlap of 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Here we provide information that can be used for developing more efficient and integrated control strategies for S. stercoralis and hookworm infections. This information can be annexed to the study of other risk factors or even other diseases to assess the health status of a community. GRAPHICAL ABSTARCT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05284-w. BioMed Central 2022-06-08 /pmc/articles/PMC9178904/ /pubmed/35676740 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05284-w Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Fleitas, Pedro Emanuel
Kehl, Sebastián Dario
Lopez, Walter
Travacio, Marina
Nieves, Elvia
Gil, José Fernando
Cimino, Rubén Oscar
Krolewiecki, Alejandro Javier
Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling
title Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling
title_full Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling
title_fullStr Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling
title_full_unstemmed Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling
title_short Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling
title_sort mapping the global distribution of strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9178904/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35676740
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05284-w
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