Northward Range Expansion of Water Deer in Northeast Asia: Direct Evidence and Management Implications

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The water deer Hydropotes inermis, one of the most primitive members of Cervidae, is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List in their native range, having declined drastically in recent years. In this study, we illustrated a northern extension of water deer using the current evidence, and assessed the status, phylogeny, and genetic ancestry of the newly recorded population. Our results showed that water deer had expanded to the Northeast China and the Russian Far East, where there had previously been no record of this species; thus, this could be a genuine range expansion rather than simply an expansion of the known range. A genetic investigation indicated that the expanding population had a close phylogenetic affinity with Korean water deer. The likely migration route and causes of the species’ distribution range expansion are discussed. ABSTRACT: Given current anthropogenic pressures and climate change, wildlife range expansion offers a second chance for species conservation. The water deer Hydropotes inermis is a native to China and the Korean peninsula, but populations in North Korea and mainland China have declined drastically in recent years. However, the range of this species appears to be rapidly expanding northward. In this study, we employed camera traps and molecular technology to assess the status, phylogeny, and genetic ancestry of the newly recorded population. Our results showed an ongoing northward expansion of water deer, reaching at least 500 km from their historical distribution limit. We provided updated information on this species’ geographical distribution in Northeast China and the Russian Far East. Based on historical survey data before the 1990s, there had previously been no record of this species in these two regions; thus, this could be a genuine range expansion rather than simply an expansion of the known range. A genetic investigation based on mitochondrial DNA indicated that the expanding population had a close phylogenetic affinity with Korean water deer. The likely migration route and causes of the species’ distribution range expansion are discussed. We recommend revising the range of water deer in the IUCN Red List to facilitate the effective conservation and management of this threatened species, especially in new locations.