Effects of Concentrate Supplementation on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Bacterial Community Composition in Grazing Yaks during the Warm Season

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Yaks are an important for the economy and livelihood of local herders in the Tibetan Plateau and are their main source of income. They are mainly fed on natural pastures, especially during the warm season. Information on the effects of concentrate supplementation on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and bacterial community composition of grazing yaks during the warm season is limited. Our study showed that concentrate supplementation increased the relative abundances of Firmicutes, Succiniclasticum, Prevotellaceae_UCG_003, Prevotellaceae_UCG_005, and Ruminococcus_1. Supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG) and serum concentrations of glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, the concentrations of ruminal ammonia-N (NH(3)-N), microbial protein (MCP), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increased in the supplement group. We concluded that supplementary feed improved ruminal fermentation, and altered the bacterial community composition in yaks during the warm season, thereby improving growth performance. ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of concentrate supplementation on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, rumen fermentation, and bacterial community composition of grazing yaks during the warm season. Eight male yaks (body weight, 123.96 ± 7.43 kg; 3-years) were randomly allocated to two treatments groups: grazing (n = 4, GY) and concentrate supplement group (n = 4, GYS). Concentrate supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05). Glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) serum concentrations were significantly higher in the GYS group than in the GY group (p < 0.05). Ammonia-N, MCP: microbial protein, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher in the GYS group than in the GY group (p < 0.01), whereas the pH and acetate: propionate values were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the rumen fluid was significantly higher in the GYS group than in the GY group (p < 0.01). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Succiniclasticum, Prevotellaceae_UCG_003, Prevotellaceae_UCG_005, and Ruminococcus_1 were significantly greater in the GY group than in the GYS group (p < 0.01). In conclusion, concentrate supplementation improved yaks’ growth potential during the warm season, improved ruminal fermentation, and altered core bacteria abundance.