A Review on the Role of Bicarbonate and Proton Transporters during Sperm Capacitation in Mammals

Alkalinization of sperm cytosol is essential for plasma membrane hyperpolarization, hyperactivation of motility, and acrosomal exocytosis during sperm capacitation in mammals. The plasma membrane of sperm cells contains different ion channels implicated in the increase of internal pH (pH(i)) by favoring either bicarbonate entrance or proton efflux. Bicarbonate transporters belong to the solute carrier families 4 (SLC4) and 26 (SLC26) and are currently grouped into Na(+)/HCO(3)(−) transporters and Cl(−)/HCO(3)(−) exchangers. Na(+)/HCO(3)(−) transporters are reported to be essential for the initial and fast entrance of HCO(3)(−) that triggers sperm capacitation, whereas Cl(−)/HCO(3)(−) exchangers are responsible for the sustained HCO(3)(−) entrance which orchestrates the sequence of changes associated with sperm capacitation. Proton efflux is required for the fast alkalinization of capacitated sperm cells and the activation of pH-dependent proteins; according to the species, this transport can be mediated by Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHE) belonging to the SLC9 family and/or voltage-gated proton channels (HVCN1). Herein, we discuss the involvement of each of these channels in sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction.