A two-component protein condensate of the EGFR cytoplasmic tail and Grb2 regulates Ras activation by SOS at the membrane

We reconstitute a phosphotyrosine-mediated protein condensation phase transition of the ∼200 residue cytoplasmic tail of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the adaptor protein, Grb2, on a membrane surface. The phase transition depends on phosphorylation of the EGFR tail, which recruits Grb2, and crosslinking through a Grb2-Grb2 binding interface. The Grb2 Y160 residue plays a structurally critical role in the Grb2-Grb2 interaction, and phosphorylation or mutation of Y160 prevents EGFR:Grb2 condensation. By extending the reconstitution experiment to include the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, SOS, and its substrate Ras, we further find that the condensation state of the EGFR tail controls the ability of SOS, recruited via Grb2, to activate Ras. These results identify an EGFR:Grb2 protein condensation phase transition as a regulator of signal propagation from EGFR to the MAPK pathway.