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Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is the...

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Autores principales: Bukowska, Bożena, Mokra, Katarzyna, Michałowicz, Jaromir
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9181839/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35683027
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116348
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author Bukowska, Bożena
Mokra, Katarzyna
Michałowicz, Jaromir
author_facet Bukowska, Bożena
Mokra, Katarzyna
Michałowicz, Jaromir
author_sort Bukowska, Bożena
collection PubMed
description Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[a]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals’ fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[a]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[a]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of CYP P450 genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[a]P. It was also observed that B[a]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[a]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity.
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spelling pubmed-91818392022-06-10 Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity Bukowska, Bożena Mokra, Katarzyna Michałowicz, Jaromir Int J Mol Sci Review Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[a]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals’ fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[a]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[a]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of CYP P450 genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[a]P. It was also observed that B[a]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[a]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity. MDPI 2022-06-06 /pmc/articles/PMC9181839/ /pubmed/35683027 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116348 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Bukowska, Bożena
Mokra, Katarzyna
Michałowicz, Jaromir
Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
title Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
title_full Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
title_fullStr Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
title_full_unstemmed Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
title_short Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
title_sort benzo[a]pyrene—environmental occurrence, human exposure, and mechanisms of toxicity
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9181839/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35683027
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116348
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