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Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India: A qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders
INTRODUCTION: Few studies have described the drivers of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India from the perspective of those involved in the design and implementation of vaccine campaigns–such as government officials and civil society stakeholders–a prerequisite to developing approaches to addres...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9182247/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35679276 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269606 |
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author | Erchick, Daniel J. Gupta, Madhu Blunt, Madeleine Bansal, Adarsh Sauer, Molly Gerste, Amelia Holroyd, Taylor A. Wahl, Brian Santosham, Mathuram Limaye, Rupali J. |
author_facet | Erchick, Daniel J. Gupta, Madhu Blunt, Madeleine Bansal, Adarsh Sauer, Molly Gerste, Amelia Holroyd, Taylor A. Wahl, Brian Santosham, Mathuram Limaye, Rupali J. |
author_sort | Erchick, Daniel J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Few studies have described the drivers of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India from the perspective of those involved in the design and implementation of vaccine campaigns–such as government officials and civil society stakeholders–a prerequisite to developing approaches to address this barrier to high immunization coverage and further child health improvements. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study to understand government officials and civil society stakeholders’ perceptions of the drivers of vaccine hesitancy in India. We conducted in-depth phone interviews using a structured guide of open-ended questions with 21 participants from international and national non-governmental organizations, professional associations, and universities, and state and national government–six national-level stakeholders in New Delhi, six state-level stakeholders in Uttar Pradesh, six in Kerala, and three in Gujarat–from July 2020 to October 2020. We analyzed data through a multi-stage process following Grounded Theory. We present findings on individual-level, contextual, and vaccine/vaccination program-specific factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS: We identified multiple drivers and complex ways they influence vaccine beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors from the perspective of government officials and civil society stakeholders involved in vaccine campaigns. Important individual-level influences were low awareness of the benefits of vaccination, safety concerns, especially related to mild adverse events following immunization, and mistrust in government and health service quality. Contextual-level factors included communications, the media environment, and social media, which serves as a major conduit of misinformation and driver of hesitancy, as well as sociodemographic factors–specific drivers varied widely by income, education, urban/rural setting, and across religious and cultural groups. Among vaccine/vaccination-level issues, vaccine program design and delivery and the role of health care professionals emerged as the strongest determinants of hesitancy. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers of vaccine hesitancy in India, as elsewhere, vary widely by local context; successful interventions should address individual, contextual, and vaccine-specific factors. While previous studies focused on individual-level factors, our study demonstrates the equal importance of contextual and vaccine-specific influences, especially the communication and media environment, influential leaders, sociodemographic factors, and frontline health workers. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9182247 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91822472022-06-10 Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India: A qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders Erchick, Daniel J. Gupta, Madhu Blunt, Madeleine Bansal, Adarsh Sauer, Molly Gerste, Amelia Holroyd, Taylor A. Wahl, Brian Santosham, Mathuram Limaye, Rupali J. PLoS One Research Article INTRODUCTION: Few studies have described the drivers of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India from the perspective of those involved in the design and implementation of vaccine campaigns–such as government officials and civil society stakeholders–a prerequisite to developing approaches to address this barrier to high immunization coverage and further child health improvements. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study to understand government officials and civil society stakeholders’ perceptions of the drivers of vaccine hesitancy in India. We conducted in-depth phone interviews using a structured guide of open-ended questions with 21 participants from international and national non-governmental organizations, professional associations, and universities, and state and national government–six national-level stakeholders in New Delhi, six state-level stakeholders in Uttar Pradesh, six in Kerala, and three in Gujarat–from July 2020 to October 2020. We analyzed data through a multi-stage process following Grounded Theory. We present findings on individual-level, contextual, and vaccine/vaccination program-specific factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS: We identified multiple drivers and complex ways they influence vaccine beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors from the perspective of government officials and civil society stakeholders involved in vaccine campaigns. Important individual-level influences were low awareness of the benefits of vaccination, safety concerns, especially related to mild adverse events following immunization, and mistrust in government and health service quality. Contextual-level factors included communications, the media environment, and social media, which serves as a major conduit of misinformation and driver of hesitancy, as well as sociodemographic factors–specific drivers varied widely by income, education, urban/rural setting, and across religious and cultural groups. Among vaccine/vaccination-level issues, vaccine program design and delivery and the role of health care professionals emerged as the strongest determinants of hesitancy. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers of vaccine hesitancy in India, as elsewhere, vary widely by local context; successful interventions should address individual, contextual, and vaccine-specific factors. While previous studies focused on individual-level factors, our study demonstrates the equal importance of contextual and vaccine-specific influences, especially the communication and media environment, influential leaders, sociodemographic factors, and frontline health workers. Public Library of Science 2022-06-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9182247/ /pubmed/35679276 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269606 Text en © 2022 Erchick et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Erchick, Daniel J. Gupta, Madhu Blunt, Madeleine Bansal, Adarsh Sauer, Molly Gerste, Amelia Holroyd, Taylor A. Wahl, Brian Santosham, Mathuram Limaye, Rupali J. Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India: A qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders |
title | Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India: A qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders |
title_full | Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India: A qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders |
title_fullStr | Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India: A qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders |
title_full_unstemmed | Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India: A qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders |
title_short | Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in India: A qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders |
title_sort | understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in india: a qualitative study of government officials and civil society stakeholders |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9182247/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35679276 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269606 |
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