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Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera Pictures
A key aspect of ocean protection consists in estimating the abundance of marine mammal population density within their habitat, which is usually accomplished using visual inspection and cameras from line-transect ships, small boats, and aircraft. However, marine mammal observation through vessel sur...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9185326/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35684729 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114107 |
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author | Araújo, Voncarlos M. Shukla, Ankita Chion, Clément Gambs, Sébastien Michaud, Robert |
author_facet | Araújo, Voncarlos M. Shukla, Ankita Chion, Clément Gambs, Sébastien Michaud, Robert |
author_sort | Araújo, Voncarlos M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | A key aspect of ocean protection consists in estimating the abundance of marine mammal population density within their habitat, which is usually accomplished using visual inspection and cameras from line-transect ships, small boats, and aircraft. However, marine mammal observation through vessel surveys requires significant workforce resources, including for the post-processing of pictures, and is further challenged due to animal bodies being partially hidden underwater, small-scale object size, occlusion among objects, and distracter objects (e.g., waves, sun glare, etc.). To relieve the human expert’s workload while improving the observation accuracy, we propose a novel system for automating the detection of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the wild from pictures. Our system relies on a dataset named Beluga-5k, containing more than 5.5 thousand pictures of belugas. First, to improve the dataset’s annotation, we have designed a semi-manual strategy for annotating candidates in images with single (i.e., one beluga) and multiple (i.e., two or more belugas) candidate subjects efficiently. Second, we have studied the performance of three off-the-shelf object-detection algorithms, namely, Mask-RCNN, SSD, and YOLO v3-Tiny, on the Beluga-5k dataset. Afterward, we have set YOLO v3-Tiny as the detector, integrating single- and multiple-individual images into the model training. Our fine-tuned CNN-backbone detector trained with semi-manual annotations is able to detect belugas despite the presence of distracter objects with high accuracy (i.e., 97.05 mAP@0.5). Finally, our proposed method is able to detect overlapped/occluded multiple individuals in images (beluga whales that swim in groups). For instance, it is able to detect 688 out of 706 belugas encountered in 200 multiple images, achieving 98.29% precision and 99.14% recall. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9185326 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91853262022-06-11 Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera Pictures Araújo, Voncarlos M. Shukla, Ankita Chion, Clément Gambs, Sébastien Michaud, Robert Sensors (Basel) Article A key aspect of ocean protection consists in estimating the abundance of marine mammal population density within their habitat, which is usually accomplished using visual inspection and cameras from line-transect ships, small boats, and aircraft. However, marine mammal observation through vessel surveys requires significant workforce resources, including for the post-processing of pictures, and is further challenged due to animal bodies being partially hidden underwater, small-scale object size, occlusion among objects, and distracter objects (e.g., waves, sun glare, etc.). To relieve the human expert’s workload while improving the observation accuracy, we propose a novel system for automating the detection of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the wild from pictures. Our system relies on a dataset named Beluga-5k, containing more than 5.5 thousand pictures of belugas. First, to improve the dataset’s annotation, we have designed a semi-manual strategy for annotating candidates in images with single (i.e., one beluga) and multiple (i.e., two or more belugas) candidate subjects efficiently. Second, we have studied the performance of three off-the-shelf object-detection algorithms, namely, Mask-RCNN, SSD, and YOLO v3-Tiny, on the Beluga-5k dataset. Afterward, we have set YOLO v3-Tiny as the detector, integrating single- and multiple-individual images into the model training. Our fine-tuned CNN-backbone detector trained with semi-manual annotations is able to detect belugas despite the presence of distracter objects with high accuracy (i.e., 97.05 mAP@0.5). Finally, our proposed method is able to detect overlapped/occluded multiple individuals in images (beluga whales that swim in groups). For instance, it is able to detect 688 out of 706 belugas encountered in 200 multiple images, achieving 98.29% precision and 99.14% recall. MDPI 2022-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9185326/ /pubmed/35684729 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114107 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Araújo, Voncarlos M. Shukla, Ankita Chion, Clément Gambs, Sébastien Michaud, Robert Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera Pictures |
title | Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera Pictures |
title_full | Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera Pictures |
title_fullStr | Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera Pictures |
title_full_unstemmed | Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera Pictures |
title_short | Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera Pictures |
title_sort | machine-learning approach for automatic detection of wild beluga whales from hand-held camera pictures |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9185326/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35684729 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114107 |
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