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Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep

In this work, we present a ballistocardiographic (BCG) system for the determination of heart and breath rates and activity of a user lying in bed. Our primary goal was to simplify the analog and digital processing usually required in these kinds of systems while retaining high performance. A novel s...

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Autores principales: López-Ruiz, Nuria, Escobedo, Pablo, Ruiz-García, Isidoro, Carvajal, Miguel A., Palma, Alberto J., Martínez-Olmos, Antonio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9185638/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35684732
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114112
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author López-Ruiz, Nuria
Escobedo, Pablo
Ruiz-García, Isidoro
Carvajal, Miguel A.
Palma, Alberto J.
Martínez-Olmos, Antonio
author_facet López-Ruiz, Nuria
Escobedo, Pablo
Ruiz-García, Isidoro
Carvajal, Miguel A.
Palma, Alberto J.
Martínez-Olmos, Antonio
author_sort López-Ruiz, Nuria
collection PubMed
description In this work, we present a ballistocardiographic (BCG) system for the determination of heart and breath rates and activity of a user lying in bed. Our primary goal was to simplify the analog and digital processing usually required in these kinds of systems while retaining high performance. A novel sensing approach is proposed consisting of a white LED facing a digital light detector. This detector provides precise measurements of the variations of the light intensity of the incident light due to the vibrations of the bed produced by the subject’s breathing, heartbeat, or activity. Four small springs, acting as a bandpass filter, connect the boards where the LED and the detector are mounted. Owing to the mechanical bandpass filtering caused by the compressed springs, the proposed system generates a BCG signal that reflects the main frequencies of the heartbeat, breathing, and movement of the lying subject. Without requiring any analog signal processing, this device continuously transmits the measurements to a microcontroller through a two-wire communication protocol, where they are processed to provide an estimation of the parameters of interest in configurable time intervals. The final information of interest is wirelessly sent to the user’s smartphone by means of a Bluetooth connection. For evaluation purposes, the proposed system has been compared with typical BCG systems showing excellent performance for different subject positions. Moreover, applied postprocessing methods have shown good behavior for information separation from a single-channel signal. Therefore, the determination of the heart rate, breathing rate, and activity of the patient is achieved through a highly simplified signal processing without any need for analog signal conditioning.
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spelling pubmed-91856382022-06-11 Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep López-Ruiz, Nuria Escobedo, Pablo Ruiz-García, Isidoro Carvajal, Miguel A. Palma, Alberto J. Martínez-Olmos, Antonio Sensors (Basel) Article In this work, we present a ballistocardiographic (BCG) system for the determination of heart and breath rates and activity of a user lying in bed. Our primary goal was to simplify the analog and digital processing usually required in these kinds of systems while retaining high performance. A novel sensing approach is proposed consisting of a white LED facing a digital light detector. This detector provides precise measurements of the variations of the light intensity of the incident light due to the vibrations of the bed produced by the subject’s breathing, heartbeat, or activity. Four small springs, acting as a bandpass filter, connect the boards where the LED and the detector are mounted. Owing to the mechanical bandpass filtering caused by the compressed springs, the proposed system generates a BCG signal that reflects the main frequencies of the heartbeat, breathing, and movement of the lying subject. Without requiring any analog signal processing, this device continuously transmits the measurements to a microcontroller through a two-wire communication protocol, where they are processed to provide an estimation of the parameters of interest in configurable time intervals. The final information of interest is wirelessly sent to the user’s smartphone by means of a Bluetooth connection. For evaluation purposes, the proposed system has been compared with typical BCG systems showing excellent performance for different subject positions. Moreover, applied postprocessing methods have shown good behavior for information separation from a single-channel signal. Therefore, the determination of the heart rate, breathing rate, and activity of the patient is achieved through a highly simplified signal processing without any need for analog signal conditioning. MDPI 2022-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9185638/ /pubmed/35684732 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114112 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
López-Ruiz, Nuria
Escobedo, Pablo
Ruiz-García, Isidoro
Carvajal, Miguel A.
Palma, Alberto J.
Martínez-Olmos, Antonio
Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep
title Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep
title_full Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep
title_fullStr Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep
title_full_unstemmed Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep
title_short Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep
title_sort digital optical ballistocardiographic system for activity, heart rate, and breath rate determination during sleep
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9185638/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35684732
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114112
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